Topic 03 The Interaction

Interaction and Multimedia
Topic 3
The Interaction
Introduction
 Focus: the dialog user - computer
 Interactivity:
 Low grade: batch processing
 High grade: direct manipulation, virtual
reality…
La interacción
Introduction
 Levels of study:
Individual: one person, one system.
 Group: Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).
 Social: virtual communities, commerce, communication, etc.
La interacción
Interaction paradigms
Relationship between computer and physical reality
La interacción
 Desktop computer
 Virtual reality (VR)
 Ubiquitous computing
 Augmented reality (AR)
La interacción
 Desktop computing:
 Interaction through I/O devices at a
particular location
 WIMP based IU
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
La interacción
 VR: all stimuli created by computer
 The user is isolated (immersive systems).
 Characteristics:
 Input devices: data glove, head position, voice recognition
 Output devices: stereoscopic image, sound, haptic feedback...
 Immersion is relative: high tech systems, desktop VR, small consoles...
 Multiuser systems (Cave Automatic Virtual Environments)
 Applications: conventional visualizations (buildings, kitchens...), special
visualizations (molecules, flows...), flight simulators, medicine teaching,
phobies treatment, entertainment...
La interacción
 Cave
 Automatic
 Virtual
 Environment
La interacción
 Ubiquitous computing (Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC, final 80s).
 Decentralize computing: multiple computers in the environment

(examples: evolution of electric engines and time measurement)
 Three sizes:
 Tabs: credit card size (hundreds)
 Pads: A4 size (tens)
 Boards: blackboard size (units)
 Cell phones: it’s a kind of ubiquitous computing
La interacción
Ubiquitous computing
La interacción
 Augmented reality (AR): combining real and computer genereated
views (V01)
 Transparent screens
 Characteristics of AR:
 Interaction is mainly with the real world
 The problem: overlapping both views
 Applications: touristic guides, maintenance...
La interacción
La interacción
Interaction Models
 A model is a simplification of reality that

allows better understanding, easier
manipulation…
La interacción
Syntactic – Semantic Model
 Knowledge in the user can be syntactic and semantic
 Syntactic: low level details (e. g. ^Q or EXIT to quit)
 Charactristics:
 Arbitrary
 System dependant
 Lacks structure
 Difficult to learn and easy to forget
La interacción
La interacción
 Semantic knowledge: it has meaning:

 It is logic
 System independent
 Hierarchically structured
 Easier to learn and more stable in memory
La interacción
 Semantic knowledge:
 Task related (how to write a letter)
 Computer related (basic computer knowledge)
 IU design should minimize syntactic knowledge

(see direct manipulation)
La interacción
Stages of Action Model
 Stages of human actions
 Examples of difficulties:
 Loading a film in a projector
 Video cannot be seen
La interacción
 Stages:
 Goal
 Execution:
 Intentions: more specific goals
 Action: yet more specific
 Execution: change in the environment
 Evaluation: testing if goal has been achieved
 Perception
 Interpretation
 Comparison with goal
La interacción
La interacción
 It is a rough model:
 Some stages can be combined
 Some are not carried out
 Sometimes there is no goal (opportunistic
behavior)
La interacción
 Reducing difficulties in actions:
 Gulf of execution: distance between intentions and

valid actions (loading the film in a projector)
 Gulf of evaluation: interpreting the state of the
system (video that cannot be seen)
La interacción
La interacción
Human Error Model
 Following the previous model we can find:

 Intention errors: early stages of action
 Execution errors: at the moment of execution. There
are various types.
La interacción
Human Error Model
 Mode errors: correct action in the wrong mode.

 Examples: insert – overwrite modes, wrist watch: light
button resets chronometer...
 Solutions: minimize modes, improve feedback…
La interacción
Human Error Model
 Description errors: right action on the
wrong object (“press the wrong key“)
 Example: vi editor and its commands
 Solutions: well organized menus, good
discrimination between commands
La interacción
Human Error Model
 Coherence errors: we base action on
familiar situations (analogies)
 Example: use the new word processor as the
old one
 Solution: coherence within the application and
among applications of the same environment
La interacción
Human Error Model
 Capture errors: the frequent action takes

over the infrequent
 Example: in vi :wq y :w
 Solution: avoid similar sequences in commands
La interacción
Human Error Model
 Activation errors: the wrong script is
activated (e. g. capture error) or the right
script fails to be activated (memory
error)
 Example: if we interrupt a task that leaves no
trace we can forget about it
 Solution: enough information in view of the
user (window systems)
La interacción
Interaction Frame Model
 User – computer dialog is represented by
four languages:
 User (task language)
 Input (input language)
 System (machine language)
 Output (output language)
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Interaction Frame Model
l. salida
O observación
presentación
S U
l. máquina l. tarea
atomización descomposición
I
l. entrada
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Ergonomics
 Ergonomics: physical man – machine
adaptation and working conditions
 Aka “Human factors”
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Ergonomics
 Reducing visual fatigue:
 Room and furniture:
 Matte finish
 Illumination:
 Windows: > 2 m. from screen, 90 degrees
 Avoid highlights from other light sources
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Screen:
 Adaptable height and orientation
 Matte surface
 Stable image
 Accessible bright and contrast controls
 Anti highlight surface
 Take regular breaks (each hour approx.)
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Muscular fatigue and articulation problems
 Desk:
 Minimum work surface 90 x 120 cm.
 Height 65-75 cm.
 Room for legs 60 cm. wide and 65 cm. deep
 10 cm. between keyboard and desk edge to place wrists
La interacción
Ergonomics
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Seat:
 Adjustable
 5 wheels
 Rounded edge
 At least 18 cm. to desk surface
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Keyboard (V02):
 Independent from screen
 Keypress feedback
 Matte finish
 Third row of keys no more than 3 cm. high
 Max. tilt 25º
 Legible characters
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Document holder:
 Similar distance to screen
 Rigid
 Adjustable
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Body position:
 Straight spine (sideways there are curves)
 Arm vertical, and forearm horizontal. Elbows next to
thorax
 Thigh horizontal and leg vertical. Ankles in straight
angle.
 Wrists leaning on a surface
 Rest at least every two hours
La interacción
Ergonomics
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) or

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
 Example: Carpal tunnel syndrome
La interacción
Ergonomics
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Radiations (CRT’s):
 X Rays (ionizing)
 Ultraviolet
 Microwaves
 Very Low Frequency (VLF) and extremely low
frequency (ELF) radiations
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Very small quantities of the first three
 VLF y ELF might have biological effects
 Characteristics of VLF y ELF:
 VLF (400 kHz to 2 kHz) horizontal ray displacement
 ELF (2 kHz to 5 Hz) vertical ray displacement
 More radiation on the sides and back of the screens
 It is not clear how harmful they might be
La interacción
Ergonomics
 Precaution:
 Working distance: 55 cm. aprox.
 1 m. from the sides and back
 Turn monitor off when not in use
 Use other technologies
La interacción

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Interaction and Multimedia

Individual: one person, one system.

 Group: Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

 Social: virtual communities, commerce, communication, etc.

 Decentralize computing: multiple computers in the environment

 Cell phones: it’s a kind of ubiquitous computing

 A model is a simplification of reality that

 Knowledge in the user can be syntactic and semantic

 Syntactic: low level details (e. g. ^Q or EXIT to quit)

 Semantic knowledge: it has meaning:

 IU design should minimize syntactic knowledge

 Stages of human actions

 Reducing difficulties in actions:

 Gulf of execution: distance between intentions and

 Following the previous model we can find:

 Mode errors: correct action in the wrong mode.

 Capture errors: the frequent action takes

 Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) or

 Example: Carpal tunnel syndrome

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