GENETIC

ENGINEERING
&
IN VITRO
FERTILIZATION
 1. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF GENETIC
INFORMATION
2. ILLUSTRATE THE PROCESS OF IN VITRO
LEARNING FERTILIZATION & GENETIC ENGINEERING
3. EVALUATE THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF
OBJECTIVES
USING GMOs

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What is genetic engineering?

- Sometimes called genetic modification

- The process of altering the DNA in an organism’s genome
- The process by which genes from one organism is transferred
into another organism of an entirely different species
DNA from DNA from
organism A organism B

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Genetic Engineering

DNA from DNA from

Recombinant
organism A organism B
DNA
(ex. Jellyfish) (ex. Cat)
Recombinant
DNA

“
 Joining together of DNA molecules from two
different species that are inserted into a host organism
to produce new genetic combinations

This organism is called

Genetically Modified Organism 5
The process of
genetic
engineering

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Some genetic engineering techniques are
as follows
1 Artificial selection

Gene splicing 2

3 Cloning

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selectio A process in the breeding of animals and in the

n cultivation of plants by which the breeder
chooses to perpetuate only those forms having
certain desirable inheritable characteristics

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Selectiv
Def’n
e
breedin Selective breeding involves choosing parents with
particular characteristics to breed together and produce

g
offspring with more desirable characteristics.

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Selectiv Angus cows are bred to increase
muscle mass so that we get more
e meat

breedin
g
example
s: Egg-Laying Hen-produces more
eggs than the average hen
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 Def’n
Is the process of producing a hybrid, in general sense, is any of
mixed origin or composition, or the combination of two or
more different things.

Hybridization Example: Luther Burbank created a disease resistant

potato called the Burbank potato.

He crossed a disease resistant plant with one that had a

large food producing capacity.

Result: disease resistant plant that makes a lot of

potatoes.
Luther 12
 Liger: lion and tiger mix

Other example
of
Hybridization

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 Grape + apple= grapple.
The fruit tastes like grapes and looks like apple.

Other example
of
Hybridization

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 Def’n Inbreeding is useful in the retention

Inbreedi
of desirable characteristics or
elimination of undesirable ones.
The mating og individuals
ng or organisms that are
closely related through But it often results in decreased
vigour, size, and fertility of the
common ancestry.
offspring because of the combined
effect of harmful genes.

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 Gene
splicing
DNA is cut out of one organism
and put into another organism.

◦ A trait will be transferred from

one organism to another.

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 For example
The human insulin gene can be
removed from a human cell

Gene ◦ It can be put into a

bacterial cell.
splicing ◦ The bacterial will now
make human insulin.

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 1. A restriction enzyme
cuts the insulin gene
out of the human DNA.

How is gene 2. A plasmid is removed

Splicing from a bacteria and cut
with a restriction
done? enzyme.
3. The human gene is place
into the bacteria plasmid

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 3. The human gene is place
into the bacteria
plasmid

How is gene 4. The plasmid is placed

splicing back into the bacteria.
done? - The cell now has
Plasmid with
directions (DNA) to make
insulin. insulin gene

This organism is called

transgenic organisms. 19
 1. A transgenic animal is one that carries a
foreign gene that has been deliberately
inserted into its genome

• genes inserted into animals so they produce

Transgenic what humans need.

(GMO) Spider goat:

animals: • Goat makes silk of the spider web in their milk
• Flexible, stronger than steel. Used in bullet
proof jackets

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 CLONING
-Creating an organism that is an exact
genetic copy of another.
◦ Clone: group of cells or organisms that
Place your screenshot here
are genetically identical as a result of
asexual reproduction
◦ They will have the same exact DNA as
the parent.

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 Dolly:
-Dolly was the first mammal cloned.
-She had the same exact DNA as her
Cloning mother and had no father.
-Cloning is a form of asexual
reproduction.
-Only one genetic parent.

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 Step 1: An egg is removed from
a female human
How could -Eggs are haploid: 23 chromosomes. 23
you clone a -The nucleus of the egg is
human? removed and is thrown away.
EGG CELL

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 Step 2: A body cell is removed from
another person.
How could -The nucleus of the body cell is
you clone a removed
-Body cells are diploid: 46
human?
chromosomes.
46

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 Step 3:
-The nucleus of the diploid body cell is
How could put into the egg.
you clone a -This egg no longer needs to be
fertilized since it has all 46
human?
chromosomes
46
EGG CELL 25
 Step 4: The egg is then charged with
electricity to start mitosis.

How could Step 5: Its then put into a surrogate

mother so it can grow.
you clone a -Its going to be genetically identical to
human? the parent of the body cell.
-But it will be a baby.
-Plants and animals can be cloned.

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Benefits of cloning:
1. you can make exact copies of organisms with strong traits.
2. Increase food supply.
3. Medical purposes: clone organs for transplants.
4. Bring back or Stop species from going extinct.
Risks of cloning:
1. Decreases genetic diversity
2. If one of your clones gets a disease, they all get it: same
immune system.
3. Inefficient: high failure rate: 90%+
4. Expensive

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 IN VITRO
FERTILIZATION