GENERAL

ELECTRICAL
WORKSHOP

SUBMITTED TO STUDENT NAME

MR. SATPAL SIR VISHNU
BHARDWAJ
 2

PRESENTATION TITLE

INDEX
3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
1 PHASE INDUCTION M OTOR
DC MOTOR
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Introduction
An electric motor is an electrical machine that
converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Most electric motors operate through the
interaction between the motor's magnetic field and
electric current in a wire winding to generate force in
the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft.

9/3/20XX 3
 TOPIC ONE
3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts :
•Stator
•Rotor
1. Stator of 3-Phase Induction Motor
The stator consists of a steel frame that encloses a hollow, cylindrical core made up of thin
laminations of silicon steel to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses.
A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery of the laminations. The
insulated conductors are connected to form a balanced 3-phase star or delta connected
circuit.
2. Rotor of 3-Phase Induction Motor
The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on its outer
periphery. The winding placed in these slots (called rotor winding) may be one of the
following two types:
1.Squirrel Cage Type
2.Wound Rotor Type
WORKING
The working of the three-phase induction motor is based on the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
When three-phase stator winding of an induction motor is energized from a 3 phase supply,
a rotating magnetic field is set up which rotates around the stator at synchronous speed (Ns).
• Ns = 120 f/P (Where f=frequency ,P=Number of poles)
• This rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which are
stationary.
• An EMF gets induced in every rotor conductor due to the relative speed between the rotating
magnetic flux and the stationary rotor, the rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing
in the rotor conductors.
• The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field produced by the stator.
Consequently, a mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors. The sum of the mechanical
forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque which tends to move the rotor in the same
direction as the rotating field and can be explained by Lenz’s law.
• Lenz’s law: the direction of rotor currents will be such that they tend to oppose the cause of
producing them. 
Diagram:

7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

It has simple and rugged Essentially a constant speed motor

1 construction. and its speed cannot be changed
easily.

It requires less maintenance.

2 Medium starting torque

It has high efficiency and good Very sensitive to fluctuations in

3
power factor supply voltage

It is less expensive.
4 Cause of low system power factor,
especially when motors are operated
It has self-starting torque.
5 below its full load capacity. 8
APPLICATION PRESENTATION TITLE

Pumps and submersible Lathe Machine Grinding machine Compressor

9/3/20XX 9
 TOPIC 2
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION
A single phase induction motor is similar to the three phase squirrel cage induction motor except
there is single phase two windings (instead of one three phase winding in 3-phase motors)
mounted on the stator and the cage winding rotor is placed inside the stator which freely rotates
with the help of mounted bearings on the motor shaft.
single-phase induction motor also has two main parts;
•Stator
•Rotor
1.Stator: In a single-phase induction motor, there are two winding are used in stator except in
shaded-pole induction motor. Out of these two windings, one winding is the main winding and the
second is auxiliary winding. The stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss. The
single-phase supply is given to the stator winding (main winding).
2. Rotor: Rotor of single-phase induction motor is the same as a rotor of squirrel cage induction
motor. Instead of rotor winding, rotor bars are used and it is short-circuited at the end by end-
rings. Hence, it makes a complete path in the rotor circuit. The rotor bars are braced to the end-
rings to increase the mechanical strength of the motor.
The rotor slots are skewed at some angle to avoid magnetic coupling. And it also used to make a
motor run smooth and quiet.
WORKING
Single-phase AC supply is passed to the stator winding . The AC flowing through the stator
winding produces magnetic flux. This flux is known as the main flux.
If that the rotor is rotating and it is placed in a magnetic field produced by the stator winding.
According to Faraday’s law, the current start flowing in the rotor circuit it is a close path. This
current is known as rotor current. Due to the rotor current, the flux produced around the rotor
winding. This flux is known as rotor flux.
There are two fluxes; main flux which is produced by stator and second is the rotor flux which
is produced by the rotor.
• Interaction between main flux and rotor flux, the torque produced in the rotor and it starts
rotating.
The stator field is alternating in nature. The speed of the stator field is the same as synchronous
speed. The synchronous speed of the motor depends on the number of pole and supply
frequency.
It can represent by two revolving fields. These fields are equal in magnitude and rotating in the
opposite direction.
DIFFRENCE BETWEEN 1 AND 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

3 PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR 1 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
POWER MORE THAN SINGLE PHASE SINGLE PHASE
SOURCE
STARTING NOT SELF STARTING SELF STARTING
MECHANI
SM
EFFICIEN LOW HIGH
CY
COST CHEAPER COSTLY

Repair & EASIER

DIFFICULT
Maintenanc
e
DIAGRAM:

14
ADAVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:
s. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
No.

1. As transmission is on high volage levels As voltage is high cost of insulation increases

current is low so conductor can be
lightweight and compact
2. As current is low I^2R are low means high Torque provided by these units is less as obtained by
efficiency 3 phase induction motor or by dc motor.

3. AS losses are less so lower number of It can not sustain overload so cant be used in
substations are required overloading systems.

4. Starters are less expensive for 1 phase Not self starting

induction motor
APPLICATIONS:
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS ARE USED IN SMALLER EQUIPMENT WHERE WE REQUIRE LESS
HORSEPOWER (FOR EXAMPLE, ONE HORSEPOWER). SOME OF THE EXAMPLES OF REAL LIFE ARE

Water pump AC FAN MOTOR REFRIGERATOR MOTOR DRILLING MACHINE

MOTOR

9/3/20XX 16
TOPIC 3
DC MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION
1. Yoke
The yoke acts as the outer cover of a DC motor and it is also known as the frame. The yoke is an
iron body, made up of low reluctance magnetic material such as cast iron, silicon steel, rolled steel,
etc.
2. Poles and Pole Shoe
The pole and pole shoe are fixed on the yoke by bolts. These are made of thin cast steel or
wrought iron laminations that are riveted together. Poles produce the magnetic flux when the field
winding is excited.
3. Field Winding
The coils around the poles are known as field (or exciting) coils and are connected in series to form
the field winding. Copper wire is used for the construction of field coils. When the DC is passed
through the field windings, it magnetizes poles that produce magnetic flux.
4. Armature Core
It is a cylindrical drum and keyed to the rotating shaft. A large number of slots are made all over its
periphery, which accommodates the armature winding. Low reluctance, high permeability material
such as silicon steel is used for armature core.
5. Armature Winding: The armature winding plays a very important role in the construction of a DC motor because the conversion
of power takes place in the armature winding. Based on connections, there are two types of armature windings named:
•Wave Winding
•Lap Winding
•Wave Winding: In wave winding, all the armature coils are connected in series through commutator segments in such a way that
the whole armature winding is divided into two parallel paths.
Lap Winding: In lap winding the armature conductors are divided into the groups equal to the number of poles of the motor. All
the conductors in each group are connected in series and all such groups are connected in parallel. Therefore, in lap winding the
number of parallel paths (A) is equal to the number of poles (P).
6. Commutator
It is mounted on the shaft. It is made up of a large number of wedge-shaped segments of hard drawn copper, insulated from each
other by a thin layer of mica.
Carbon Brushes
The current is conducted from the voltage source to the armature by the carbon brushes which are held against the surface of the
commutator by springs. They are made of high-grade carbon steel and are rectangular.
7.Bearings
The ball or roller bearings are fitted in the end housings. The friction between stationary and rotating parts of the motor is reduced
by bearing. Mostly high carbon steel is used for making the bearings as it is a very hard material.
WORKING
The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows through
a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque
that rotates the dc motor. The DC machines are classified into two types such
as DC generator as well as DC motor.
The main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical power to DC
electrical power, whereas a DC motor converts DC power to mechanical power.
The AC motor is frequently used in industrial applications for altering electrical
energy to mechanical energy. However, a DC motor is applicable where good
speed regulation & an ample range of speeds are necessary like in electric-
transaction systems.
DIAGRAM:
PRESENTATION TITLE

9/3/20XX 21
 TYPES OF DC MACHINE
Types of DC Machines
The excitation of the DC machine is classified into two types namely
separate excitation, as well as self-excitation. In a separate excitation
type of dc machine, the field coils are activated with a separate DC
source. In the self-excitation type of dc machine, the flow of current
throughout the field-winding is supplied with the machine. The
principal kinds of DC machines are classified into four types which
include the following.
•Separately excited DC machine
•Shunt-wound/shunt machine.
•Series wound/series machine.
•Compound wound / compound machine.
 ADVANTAGES
•DC machines like dc motors have various advantages like
starting torque is high, reversing, fast-starting & stopping,
changeable speeds through voltage input
•These are very easily controlled as well as cheaper when
compared with AC
•Speed control is good
•Torque is high
•Operation is Seamless
•Free from harmonics
•Installation and maintenance is easy
 APPLICATIONS

DC motor is suitable for both high and low power drives, for fixed and variable speed electric drives.
This type of motor has simple construction. Also, it is easy for design and maintenance.
Because of its high starting torque, this motor uses in the cheap toys and automotive applications such as,
•Cranes
•Air compressor
•Lifts
•Elevators
•Winching system
•Electric traction
•Hair drier
•Vacuum cleaner and in speed regulation application 
•power tools
•Sewing machine
•Electric footing
9/3/20XX 25

PRESENTATION TITLE

THANK YOU
Presenter name
VISHNU BHARDWAJ