LTE Protocol Principle

ZTE University
Objectives

 After the course,you will:

 Understand the Protocol Structure of Control Plane and
User Plane
 Understand the Frame Structure
 Understand the Channel
 Know the MAC Layer Function
 Know the RLC Layer Function
 Know the PDCP Layer Function
Content

Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
 NAS functions:
Protocol Structure on Control-Plane RRC functions:
Certification
Authentication,
 Security control
Broadcast Mobility processing in
 Paging Idle mode
 Link management Paging launch in Idle
Wireless bearing mode
UE eNB control
MME
 Mobility
NAS UE measurement report NAS
and control
PDCP performs the function of
RRC RRC encryption and integrity
protection

PDCP PDCP RLC functions:

 PDU transmission
ARQ
RLC RLC Packet assembly and disassembly

MAC MAC MAC functions:

 Scheduling
 HARQ
PHY PHY Logic channel priority processing
 PDU packetizing and demultiplexing
Physical layer (L1)
functions:
 Wireless access
 Power control
UE eNode-B MME
 MIMO
Protocol Structure on User-Plane
PDCP performs the following
Physical layer (L1) performs the following functions: functions:
 Wireless access Header compression
 Power control  Encryption
 MIMO
UE eNB SAE Gateway

PDCP PDCP RLC performs the following functions:

 PDU transmission
ARQ
RLC RLC Packet assembly and disassembly

MAC MAC
MAC performs the following functions:
PHY PHY  Scheduling
 HARQ
Logic channel priority processing
 PDU packetizing and demultiplexing

UE eNode-B MME
Content

Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
 Basic Concepts
 Uplink and Downlink Physical Layer process
 Physical Procedure
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Frame Structure
 FDD frame structure
A wireless fraem, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
A timeslot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

A sub-frame

 TDD frame structure

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

One subframe,
30720Ts

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

Physical Resource Block One downlink slot Tslot

 One physical resource

block (RB) is composed of
DL
N symb OFDM symbols

DL RB

consecutive N symb symbols

k  N RB N sc  1
DL

on the time-domain, and Resource block

consecutive N scRB subcarriers

DL
N symb  N scRB resource elements

on frequency-domain.

 N scRB
subcarriers

subcarriers
DL
N symb and N scRB are

DL
N RB

N scRB
Resource element (k , l )

determined by the CP type

and the subcarrier interval.

k 0
DL
l0 l N symb 1
Resource Grouping
 RE (Resource Element): The minimum resource unit which
is a symbol in time-domain and a subcarrier in frequency-
domain
 RB (Resource Block): A resource unit allocated by service
channel resource; It is a timeslot in time-domain and 12
subcarriers in frequency-domain.
 REG (Resource Element Group): a resource unit allocated
by control channel resource allocation; composed of 4
REs
 CCE (Channel Control Element): A resource unit allocated
by PDCCH resource ; composed of 9 REGs
 RBG (Resource Block Group): A resource unit allocated
by the service channel resource; composed of a group of
RBs
Concept of REG
REG Diagram
1Tx or 2Tx configured 4Tx configured
l=0 l=1 l=2 l=0 l=1 l=2
k = 83 k = 83
RS RS RS

k = 78 RS k = 78 RS RS

k = 77 k = 77
RS RS RS

k = 72 RS k = 72 RS RS

min, DL
nPRB  N RB 6
k0  12nPRB  12  6  72
Concept of REG
 RBG is used for resource allocation of service channel
 One RBG is composed of a group of RBs.
 Size of grouping is related with the system bandwidth.

System Bandwidth RBG Size

DL (P)
N RB

≤10 1
11 – 26 2
27 – 63 3
64 – 110 4
Concept of CCE
 CCE is used in PDCCH allocation.
 PDCCH allocation is made after PCFICH and
PHICH.
 One CCE corresponds to 9 REGs. CCE is
numbered from 0.
 Total number of CCEs is determined by the
number of PDCCH-occupied symbols.
CP,Subcarrier interval and OFDM Symbol
 Relations between CP Type and Subcarrier
Interval and OFDM Symbols
Subcarrie Number of Number of Correspon
r Interval OFDM RB-Occupied ding REs in
Symbols Subcarriers One RB
(one slot)
Normal CP 15KHz 7 12 84
Extended 15KHz 6 12 72
CP
7.5KHz 3 24 72

One RB corresponds to 12 subcarriers in the frequency-domain, i.e. 180KHz=15 x 12

(for normal CP)
RB and Bandwidth
 Number of RBs in Different Bandwidths
Nominal 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
bandwidth
(MHz)
Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Actually 1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18
occupied
bandwidth
(MHz)

 Occupied bandwidth = subcarrier interval x number of subcarriers in

one RB x number of RBs
 Subcarrier interval = 15KHz
 Number of subcarriers in one RB = 12
 Remark: Maximum number of RBs is 110 in current protocols
Content

Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
 Basic Concepts
 Uplink and Downlink Physical Layer process
 Physical Procedure
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Physical Downlink Channel and Signal
 The LTE downlink link includes the following
physical channels:
 Physical-control-format indication channel (PCFICH)
 Physical broadcast channel (PBCH)
 Physical HARQ indication channel (PHICH)
 Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)
 Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)
 Two physical-layer signals:
 RS (reference signal)
 P (S) -SCH (synchronized channel)
Downward Channel Mapping
 Channels at fixed location
 RS
 P (S) SCH
 PBCH
 PCFICH (Relatively fixed)
 Sequence of Channel Mapping
 Channels with fixed location (RS, P (S) SCH, PBCH,
PCFICH)
 PHICH
 PDCCH
 PDSCH
Resource Allocation
 Remark:This diagram is to display the effect of the
resource allocation. Each square indicates “time-
domain length of a symbol x resource of 12
subcarriers”. It is neither RE nor RB.
SCH (synchronization channel)
 SCH includes P_SCH and S_SCH. The frequency-domain is located in
the 72 subcarriers near direct current. Only 62 subcarriers are actually
occupied. Other 10 subcarriers do not hold synchronization
sequences.
 There are two same P-SCHs in a wireless frame. Their time-domain is
located in the last symbol of the slot no.0 and the last symbol of the
slot no. 10.
 There are also two S-SCHs in a wireless frame. But their
synchronization symbols are different. The time-domain is located in
the last symbol but one of the slot no.0, and the last symbol but one of
10ms radio frame

the slot no. 10.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slot no. 10
P-SCH S-SCH

Slot no. 0
Location of PSS and SSS
PBCH (physical broadcast channel)
 PBCH bears the BCH-contained system information
including downlink system bandwidth, system frame
number (SFN), PHICH duration, and resource-size
indication information.
 Each No.0 sub-frame has four PBCH signals of
OFDM symbols.
Cell An 0 OFDM
CRC interference modulation
enhancing
adding
Physical
Modulation
Signal mapping
resource An 1 OFDM
BCH TB mapping modulation
program-
ming on each
Layer
antenna
mapping
port
Rate
matching Pre-
An P OFDM
programming
modulation
PCFICH (physical-control-format indication channel)

 PCFICH and E-Node B are transmitted in each

sub-frame, informing UE of the OFDM symbols
that PDCCH occupies in a sub-frame. The OFDM
symbols are indicated by CFI which can be valued
as 1, 2, 3, 4 (4 is reserved).

Signal
CFI program- Interference Modulation Layer Pre- RE OFDM symbol
ming enhancing mapping mapping programming mapping generating
PHICH (physical HARQ indication channel)
 PHICH sends NAK/ACK responding information for the
uplink sent signal when bearing E-Node B.
 Two PHICH durations in one sub-frame ： 1. short PHICH
2. long PHICH; This duration is indicated by 1 bit in PBCH.
 In each downlink sub-frame, PHICH needs to be sent.
Multiple PHICH groups can be sent at the same time.
Define one PHICH group to be mapped from multiple ones
to a PHICH in the same RE.
ACK/NACK Repetition Layer OFDM
Modulation Precoding RE mapping
(RF=3) Mapping modulation

Spreading &
scrambling
PDCCH (physical downlink control channel)
 PDCCH bearing scheduling and other control information: Transmission
format, resource allocation, uplink scheduling permission, power control and
uplink-transmission-related ACK/NACK;
 All the information can group multiple types of control information (DCI) format
which is mapped to the first n (n<=4) OFDM symbols in each sub-frame. The
value of n is indicated by CFI in the PCFICH channel.
 In a sub-frame, we can transmit multiple PDCCHs. One UE can monitor one
group of PDCCH. Each PDCCH is sent in one or more control channel
elements (CCE) to achieve the different PDCH encoding rates by integrating
various numbers of CCEs.
 PDCCH supports 4 types of physical-layer formats which occupy one, two,
four, and eight CCEs respectively.
DCI 1 CRC User Channel Rate
adding
interference
encoding matching Cell An 0 OFDM
enhancing interference modulation
enhancing

User Merge Physical

DCI 2 CRC Channel Rate Modulation
interference the resource An 1 OFDM
adding enhancing encoding matching mapping
PDCCH mapping modulation
channels on each
Layer
inside the antenna
mapping
cell port
DCI n PDCCH Pre-
CRC User
Channel Rate coding An P OFDM
interference modulation
adding enhancing encoding matching
PDSCH (physical downlink service channel)

Power
E-Node B baseband – Service factor

channel processing link Antenna

port
Symbol
OFDM signal 0
flow RE mapping
Turbo Rate Layer generating
coding matching Bit block Bit flow Interfere Pre-coding
1st data CRC Bit block nce Modulatio mapping


flow adding division  Turbo
 Rate  cascadin
g
enhanci n mapping
ng 1. Single


coding 1. Single


matching


antenna
antenna
  2.
Multiplexi
2.
Multiplexi
Turbo Rate ng
Bit block Bit flow Interfere ng Antenna
M data CRC Bit block coding matching nce Modulatio 3.
   cascadin
3. Symbol port
flow adding division
Turbo Rate g
enhanci n mapping Diversity P
ng Diversity flow RE mapping OFDM signal
coding matching
generating

Power
factor
Physical Uplink Channel and Signal
 The LTE upward link includes the following
physical channels:
 Physical random access channel (PRACH)
 Physical uplink control channel （ PUCCH ）
 Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)
 Two physical-layer signal:
 Demodulation reference signal (DRS)
 Sounding reference signal (SRS)
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
 Bearing uplink service information
 Adding interference: Using UE dedicated interference code
 Performing modulation: Supporting QPSK, 16QAM and
64QAM modulation
 Transmitting pre-programmed codes: Divide the input
PUSCH
symbols into M symb M sc groups and pre-program
codes, i.e. DFT
 Mapping to RE: From the 1st timeslot of the sub-frame,
map k and I in turn.
 Generating SC-FDMA signal: IDFT

Enhance Transfer pre- Generate SC-

Modulate Map resource
interference programmed codes FDMA signal
PUCCH (Physical uplink control channel)
 6 formats used to bear Number of
PUCCH Modulati
HARQ-ACK, CQI, SR bytes in each
formats on
information sub-frame
 For the same UE, PUCCH 1 N/A N/A
does not transmit with 1a BPSK 1
PUSCH.
1b QPSK 2
 Supports multiple formats:
2 QPSK 20
Different formats
determine different QPSK+BP
2a 21
modulations and different SK
bytes in each sub-frame QPSK+Q
2b 22
PSK
PUCCH (Continuing)
 Format 1 transfers SR information and sends
constant 1.
 Format 1a/1b transfers HARQ-ACK, BPSK
modulation in 1 byte, and QPSK modulation in 2
bytes.
 Format 2 transfers CQI information. Program CQI
to 20 bit and performs QPSK modulation.
 Format 2a/2b transfers the hybrid information of
CQI and HARQ-ACK. Program CQI signal to 20
bit and perform QPSK modulation. For HARQ-
ACK, perform BPSK/QPSK modulation.
PRACH (physical random access channel)
 Frame structure 6RB CP Sequence

TCP TSEQ

 Different Preambles

 Preamble
un ( n 1)
generation xu n   e
j
N ZC
, 0  n  N ZC  1
 Generated by the
Zadoff-Chu
sequence in zero- xu ,v (n)  xu (( n  vN CS ) mod N ZC )
related region
Content

Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
 Basic Concepts
 Uplink and Downlink Physical Layer process
 Physical Procedure
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Physical-layer process – Cell Search
Start

complete
with
Symbol timing, frequency primary
shift estimating, sector ID synchroni
zation
identifying signal
and time-
domain
complete
with
Frame synchronizing, cell secondar
group ID identifying, CP- y
type blind detecting synchroni
zation
signal
and
frequency
-domain

RS identifying, cell
identifying, antenna
configuration identifying

End
Physical-layer process –Power Control
 Open-loop power control: Decide a starting emission
power of UE emission power as the basis for closed-loop
control adjustment.
 Closed-loop power control: eNode B measures SINR of
PUCCH/PUSCH/SRS signal, then compares SINR with
SINRtarge to determine the TPC command (what’s
informed is power step size.), finally informs UE through
PDCCH to determine the emission power of uplink sent
signal on the corresponding sub-frame.
 Outer-loop power control: Controlled by the upper layer
 Inner-loop power control
Physical-layer process –Random Access
 Random access process can be used in the
following situations:
 Access at RRC_IDLE status
 Access when the wireless link fault occurs
 Access in changeover
 Access at RRC_Connected status

When there are downlink data (eg. The uplink is at non-
synchronization status.)

When there are uplink data (eg. The uplink is at non-
synchronization status or no PUCCH resource can be used for
scheduling request.)
Physical-layer process –Random Access
 Random access based on competitiveness
 Used in the five mentioned situations
 UE selects a preamble sequence randomly in the
available preamble set in a competitive way.
 Possible collision: two UEs use the same preamble
sequence.
 Perform the synchronization process through four steps.
The fourth step is used to solve the collision.
 Random access based on non-competitiveness
 In changeover or when the downlink data arrive
 The BS allocates a preamble sequence.
 Perform the synchronization through three steps without
solving the collision.
Random Access Process (Based on
Competitiveness)
 Step1 ：
 UE sends Msg1 and Msg1 passes PRACH, (RACH
－》 PRACH)
 eNB measures the distance between UE and BS UE eNB
according to the received preamble, and generates
timing adjustment quantity.
 Step2 ： 1
MSG1
 eNB sends Msg2 and Msg2 passes PDSCH (DL-
SCH －》 PDSCH)
 The location is indicated by PDCCH, no HARQ.
 Msg2 is the grant of Msg4. If UE fails to receive the MSG2 2
RA respondence in a time window, this RA process
is terminated; otherwise it goes to step3.
 Step3 ：
 UE sends Msg3 and passes PUSCH (UL-SCH
－》 PUSCH), HARQ MSG3
3
 eNB detects Msg3 and generates ACK/NACK.
 Step4 ：
 eNB sends Msg4 for collision detection, HARQ
 UE finds that the UE of its own NAS-layer ID is MSG4
4
sending ACK.
Content

Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Structure of Layer 2

Layer 2 is split into the following sub layers ：

MAC, RLC and PDCP.

Layer 3 RRC

PDCP

Layer 2 RLC

MAC

Layer 1 PHY
Introduction to MAC
 Resides on layer 2 of LTE wireless protocols (L2 ； L2 also
includes RLC and PDCP)
 Used to allocate the wireless resources (time, frequency
(number of RBs and location), number of emission layers,
number of antenne, and emission power) to users
 Resides in both E-Node B and UE, but has different
functions.
The Overview of MAC Structure
Upper layers

RLC PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MAC-control

Logical Channel Prioritization (UL only)

(De-) Multiplexing Control

Random
HARQ
Access Control

PHY PCH BCH DL-SCH UL-SCH RACH

Lower layer

MAC structure overview, UE side

 Functions of MAC sub layer
Mapping of Channels

Multiplexing De-multiplexing

Error correction (HARQ) MAC TX Format Selection

UE priority handling Logical channels priority

Scheduling Info Reporting

MAC Function
 At UE side
 Mapping between the logic channel and transmission channel
 MAC SDUs multiplexing/demultiplexing MAC PDU
 HARQ
 Buffer status report (BSR)
 At eNode-B side
 Mapping between the logic channel and transmission channel
 MAC SDUs multiplexing/demultiplexing MAC PDU
 HARQ
 Scheduling among UE of different priorities (dynamic scheduling,
semi-persistent scheduling)
 Selecting transmission format (MCS)
 Priority processing among different logic channels in the same UE
Functions of MAC sub layer
MAC Functions UE UE eNB eNB
Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink
Mapping between logical channels √ √ √ √
and transport channels

Multiplexing √ √
De-multiplexing √ √
Error correction through HARQ √ √ √ √
Transport Format Selection √ √
Priority handling between UEs √ √
Priority handling between logical √ √
channels of one UE
Logical channel prioritization √
Scheduling information reporting √
Services related to MAC sub layer

Services expected from Services provided to

physical layer upper layers

Data transfer
Signalling of HARQ Data transfer
feedback Radio resource
PHY Signalling of MAC allocation RLC
Scheduling Request
Measurements
Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast Scheduling

 Basic concept: Fast scheduling means fast

service.

 LTE FDD: 1ms.

 LTE TDD downlink: 1ms - 4ms
(related with uplink/downlink
configuration)
 LTE TDD uplink: 1ms - 10ms
(related with uplink/downlink
configuration) UMB: 1ms.
 WiMAX TDD: 5ms.
 WCDMA HSDPA: 2ms.
 CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO:  Scheduling modes: TDM,
1.667ms. FDM, SDM
Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast
Scheduling-Classification
Constantly
 According to resource- occupies
occupied time: resources
 Persistent scheduling (static
scheduling)
 Semi-persistent scheduling
(semi-static scheduling)
 Dynamic scheduling
Every M x TTI occupies N
x RB. It turns to dynamic
scheduling in
Determined according to retransmission. For VoIP,
channel status, buffer every 20 TTIs occupies 2
status, and remained RBs.
resources.
Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast Scheduling-
Classification
Constantly
According to resource-occupied time: occupies
 Persistent scheduling (static resources

scheduling)
 Semi-persistent scheduling (semi-
static scheduling)
 Dynamic scheduling

Every M x TTI occupies N

x RB. It turns to dynamic
scheduling in
Determined according to
retransmission. For VoIP,
channel status, buffer every 20 TTIs occupies 2
status, and remained RBs.
resources.
Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast Scheduling-
Classification
 Dynamic scheduling is
classified according to
Occupies part or all
of RBs. multiplexing modes:
 Time-domain scheduling (TDM)
 Frequency-domain scheduling
(FDM)
Occupies part or all  Space-domain scheduling
of TTIs. (SDM)

Occupies a part or
all of RBs/TTIs but
only a part of
antenna
resources.
Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast Scheduling-
Classification Worse fairness
Best fairness but highest
throughput
but low
throughput
Dynamic scheduling is classified
according to fairness and throughput
rate:
 Polling (RR)
 MAX-C/I (MAX-TB).
 General proportional fairness (G-PF)
 Torsten proportional fairness (T-PF)
Better
fairness and
higher
Better fairness and better
throughput
throughput than G-PF
Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast Scheduling-
Classification
Best fairness Worse
 Dynamic scheduling is fairness but
but low
throughput classified according to highest
fairness and throughput throughput
rate:
 Polling (RR)
 MAX-C/I (MAX-TB).
 General proportional
fairness (G-PF)
 Torsten proportional fairness
(T-PF)
2
1   TB (i )
FF  i 1
 TB (1)
1  HistoryThroughput  , For TX Diversity
 HistoryThroughput_1
FF  
TB (1) TB ( 2)
  , For Space Multiplexing

 HistoryThroughput_1 HistoryThroughput_2
 Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast Scheduling-
Classification, Algorithm 2
FF   TB (i )
FF  NumberOfTTI_SinceLastScheduling i 1

Select the UE with the best fair factor (FF):

 Round robin (RR)
 MAX-C/I (MAX-TB).
 General proportional fairness (G-PF)
 Torsten proportional fairness (T-PF)
2
1   TB (i )  TB (1)
i 1  , For TX Diversity
FF   HistoryThroughput_1
1  HistoryThroughput FF  
TB (1) TB ( 2)
  , For Space Multiplexing
 HistoryThroughput_1 HistoryThroughput_2

Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast
Scheduling-Classification

Operation is simple
but it cannot fully use Dynamic scheduling is classified
the channel status.
The system according to the frequency selection
performance is poor.
(FS):
 Broadband scheduling (non-FS)
 Sub-band scheduling (FS)

Operation is complicated
but it can fully use the
channel status. The
system performance is
good.
Key Technology at MAC Layer- Fast
Scheduling-Classification
Can guarantee the QoS.

Dynamic scheduling is classified according to QoS:

 QoS scheduling
 BE scheduling

Cannot guarantee
the QoS.
Key Technology at MAC Layer: AMC
SINR

UE 3  Time-domain AMC
UE 2
 Frequency-domain
AMC
UE 1
 Space-domain AMC

Time
TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI k TTI m

SINR

UE 3
UE 2

UE 1

SubBand 1 SubBand 2 SubBand 3 SubBand k SubBand m Frequency

 Key Technology at MAC Layer: AMC Principle
2. To check buffer.
3. To schedule a UE
4. To issue a HARQ Process
eNode B
5. To set modulation, RBs, Layer, RV, etc.
7 SCM-C 2x2, 50 RBs
x 10
5
chan_est ideal; 0.5 QPSK
4.5 chan_est ideal; 0.5 16QAM
UE chan_est ideal; 0.5 64QAM
4 chan_est mmse; 0.5 QPSK
chan_est mmse; 0.5 16QAM
3.5 chan_est mmse; 0.5 64QAM

Throughput [bps]
UE 3

2.5

2
 QPSK, 16QAM and 1.5
64QAM 1

 “Continuous” encoding 0.5

rate (0.07 - 0.93 ） 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR [dB]
Key Technology at MAC Layer: HARQ
 HARQ = FEC + ARQ. In LTE, FEC is a Turbo
code attached with QPP.
 SAW N-Channel (FDD uplink: 8; FDD downlink: 1
– 8; TDD uplink: related with timeslot
configuration and a fixed number; TDD downlink:
related with timeslot configuration).
 Merging way of HARQ: CC/FIR/PIR.
 Synchronous HARQ and asynchronous HARQ
 Self-adaptive HARQ and non-self-adaptive HARQ
Key Technology at MAC Layer: HARQ Downlink
Asynchronous Self-Adaptation

P1 P1 P1 P2 P2 P2

P1

UE1 UE2 UE3 UE4

 In order to make full use of channels, eNode B

can send new data blocks before receiving UE’s
ACK/NACK.
Key Technology at MAC Layer: HARQ Uplink
Synchronous Self-Adaptation

 Synchronous self-adap
PUSCH PHICH： sends
PDSCH
tation: When eNode B
NACK
sends UE NACK and
PDCCH Format 0, it
indicates that UE
should resend in on
this newly allocated
>= 3ms
RB.
PDCCH Format 0: sends new
authorization
Key Technology at MAC Layer: HARQ Uplink
Synchronous Non-Self-Adaptation
 Synchronous non-sel
PUSCH f-adaptation: When
PHICH: sends
NACK
PDSCH eNode B sends UE
NACK and does not
send PDCCH Format
0, it indicates that UE
should resend on the
previously allocated
>= 3ms
RB.
Mapping between Logical CHs & Transport CHs

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CCCH DCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

Logical CH

Transport CH RACH UP-SCH PCH BCH MCH DL-SCH

Content

Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Overview of RLC

Overview model of the RLC sub layer

Functions of RLC
Services related to RLC sub layer

MAC RLC PDCP

Data transfer TM data transfer

Transmission UM data transfer

opportunity
AM data transfer
Total size of the
RLC PDU(s) Deliver indication
Transparent Mode
 An RLC entity in transparent mode can send/receive RLC
PDU through the logic channels, such as BCCH, DL/UL
CCCH and PCCH

UE/E-Node B E-Node B/UE

radio interface

TM-SAP TM-SAP

Transmitting Receiving
TM-RLC TM-RLC
entity entity
Transmission
buffer

BCCH/PCCH/CCCH BCCH/PCCH/CCCH
Non-Confirmation Mode
 An RLC entity in non-confirmation mode can send/receive RLC
PDU through the logic channels, such as DL/UL DCCH, DL/UL
DTCH, MCCH/MTCH.
 Compared with 3G, the UM mode does not support the
encryption/decryption function which is processed in PDCP.
UE/E-Node B E-Node B/UE
radio interface

UM-SAP UM-SAP

Transmission SDU reassembly

buffer
Transmitting Receiving
UM-RLC UM-RLC
entity entity

Segmentation & Remove RLC header

Concatenation

Reception
Add RLC header buffer & HARQ
reordering

DCCH/DTCH/MCCH/MTCH DCCH/DTCH/MCCH/MTCH
Confirmation Mode
 An RLC entity in confirmation mode can send/receive RLC
PDU through the logic channels, such as DL/UL DCCH,
DL/UL DTCH AM-SAP

Transmission
RLC control SDU reassembly
buffer

Remove RLC header

Segmentation & Retransmission
Concatenation buffer

Reception
buffer & HARQ
reordering

Add RLC header

Routing

DCCH/DTCH DCCH/DTCH
Content

Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Overview of PDCP
 The E-UTRAN protocol structure involves two layers:
radio network layer (RNL) and transmission network
layer (TNL).
 PDCP separates the transmission technology on TNL
from the air-interface processing technology on E-
UTRAN.
 PDCP maps the upper-layer protocol characteristics
to the lower-layer air interface protocol characteristics
and thus enables the LTE protocol to bear IP packets
between UE and E-Node B through transparent
transmission provides for the upper layer.
PDCP Structure

User Plane Control Plane

ROHC ROHC Integrity protection

Encryption Encryption

EPC Data from S-GW NAS Signal from MME

RRC Signal from eNodeB
Structure of PDCP Entity
PDCP Functions
 PDCP serves SRB and DRB mapped on the logic
channels DTCH and DCCH. The functions provides on
DTCH and DCCH are as follows:
 DTCH channel
 PDCP packet transmission
 SN sequence number maintenance
 Header compression and decompression of IP data flow
 Encryption and decryption
 Resorting of lower-layer PDU data in switch-over
 DCCH channel
 PDCP packet transmission
 SN sequence number maintenance
 Integrity protection
 Encryption and decryption
Services related to PDCP sub layer

RLC PDCP RRC

Acknowledged data Transfer of user

transfer plane data

Unacknowledged Transfer of control

data transfer plane data

in-sequence Header compression

delivery
Ciphering &
Duplicate discarding integrity protection