Wcdma Radio Interface Physical Layer

Internal
WCDMA Radio Interface

Physical Layer
ISSUE 1.0
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The physical layer offers data transport services
to higher layers.
The access to these services is through the use
of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
The physical layer is expected to perform the
following functions in order to provide the data
transport service, for example Modulation and
spreading/demodulation and despreading, Inner -
loop power control etc.
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References
 TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and
Reception
 TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description
 TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of
transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)
 TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
 TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
 TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
 TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2
 TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Acces (HSDPA) -
Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects
 TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed
Downlink Packet Access

 Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
 Outline radio interface protocol
Architecture
 Describe key technology of UMTS
physical layer
 Describe UMTS physical layer procedures

Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 Physical Layer Procedures

UTRAN Protocol Structure
Core Network
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub Iub Iub Iub
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

Radio Interface Protocol Structure
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary

U-plane information
RRC control
L3
control
control
Radio
control
control
Bearers
PDCP L2/PDCP
PDCP
BMC L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1

Spreading Technology
 Spreading consists of 2 steps：
 Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal, The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading Factor（SF）.The operation is done by
multiplying with OVSF code.
 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal .
Chips after
Data bit spreading
OVSF Scrambling
code code

Channelization Code
 OVSF code is used as channelization code
 The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the
spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0  k  SF-1.
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
 Scrambling code period: 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
 The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of

either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink
scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher
layers.
 For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling

codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1, …, 8191 are
used.

Primary Scrambling Code
Primary
scrambling code 0
Set 0 Secondary
scrambling code 1
Scrambling
codes for Set 1 ……
downlink
Secondary
……
physical scrambling code 15
…
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Set 511 511×16
……
8192 scrambling 512 sets Secondary

codes scrambling code
511×16＋15
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are
included in a set.
Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling code 0
Group 0 Primary
scrambling code 1
Primary
scrambling Group 1 ……
codes for
downlink Primary scrambling
……
physical … code 7
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Group 63 8*63
……
Primary
scrambling code
63*8＋7
512 primary 64 primary scrambling Each group consists of 8
scrambling codes code groups primary scrambling codes


Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping

WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels
 In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three

channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
 Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types
of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and
service channel.
 Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and
physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the
physical layer. According to whether the information transported is
dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it
is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
 Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of
channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code
and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a
dedicated channel.

Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)

Common traffic channel (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)

Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH) Control channel
Common control channel (CCCH)

Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Dedicated transport
-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)

Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH) Common transport
Random access channel (RACH) channel
High-speed downlink shared channel

(HS-DSCH)

Physical Channel
 A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code

(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
 In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
 Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
 Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase

Downlink Physical Channel
 Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
 (Downlink DPCH)
 Downlink Common Physical Channel

 Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
Downlink
 Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Physical Channel
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
 High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared
Channel (HS-PDSCH)
 High-Speed Shared Control Channel
(HS-SCCH)

Uplink Physical Channel
 Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
 Uplink Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
 Uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
 High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel
(HS-DPCCH) Uplink Physical
Channel
 Uplink Common Physical Channel
 Physical Random Access Channel

(PRACH)

Function of physical channel
Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel
S-CPICH-Secondary Common Pilot Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel

SCH- Synchronisation Channel
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PICH-Paging Indicator Channel
Random access channels

PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel
Node B UE
AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
High speed downlink share channels

HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)
 Used for cell search  SSC specifies the scrambling code
 Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH.
groups of the cell.
 SSC is chosen from a set of 16
 SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips
of every time slot. different codes of length 256, and
there are altogether 64 SSC
 PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each sequences correspond to 64 primary
time slot. scrambling code groups.
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Primary ac p ac p ac p
SCH
Secondary acsi,14
SCH ac si,0 ac si,1
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame

Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
Scrambling slot number
Code Group #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
…
Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
Slot # ? Slot #? Slot #?

P-SCH acp acp acp ……..
S-SCH 16 6 11
Group 2
256 chips
Slot 7, 8, 9
2560 chips

Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)
 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
 Carries pre-defined sequence.
 Fixed rate 30Kbps， SF=256
 Primary CPICH
 Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch,256,0

 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
 Only one CPICH per cell
 Broadcast over the entire cell
 The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH.
By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
 Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code（30kbps，Cch,256,1）
 Carry BCH transport channel
 The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot.
 Only data part
 STTD transmit diversity may be used
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
T = 2560 chips,20 bits

slot
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
 PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).
 Frame structure of PICH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
 N paging indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
 If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits

(undefined)
b0 b1 b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
 Carry FACH and PCH.  SF =256 - 4.
 Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without  FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should same or separate SCCPCHs. If
be transmitted, UE must support TFCI. mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
 Possible rates are the same as that of
can be mapped to the same fame.
downlink DPCH
TFCI Data Pilot

N TFCI bits N Data bits N Pilot bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:
 One or several preambles：each preamble is of length 4096chips and consists
of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips，16 available
signatures totally
 10 or 20ms message part
 Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by
higher layer
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #1
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #7 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #8
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #14

PRACH Message Structure
Data
Data N data bits
Pilot TFCI
Control
N Pilot bits N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
Slot # 0 Slot # 1 Slot # i Slot # 14
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
 Frame structure of AICH：two frames, 20 ms ，consists of a repeated
sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 40 symbols(5120 chips).
Each time slot consists of two parts，an Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a
part of duration 1024chips with no transmission.
 Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature.
 CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.
AI part Unused part
a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33 a38 a39
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
20 ms

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)
 DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
 DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
 DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
 Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot
consists of 2560 chips
 The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256
 The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in the

same Layer 1 connection
 Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCI，FBI，TPC

Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
DPDCH
N databits
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH
Npilot bits NTFCI bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
k
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)
 DCH consists of dedicated data and control information.
 Control information includes：Pilot、TPC、TFCI(optional).
 The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be

changed during connection
 DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.

Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits NTPC bits NTFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..7)
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
 Bear service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
 SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data
N Data 1 bits
T slot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 k bits (k=4)
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms

High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
 Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation

scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size
(6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new
data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit)
 HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data
N Data 1bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
1 subframe: T f = 2 ms

High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )
 HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport

blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link
adaptation of transport block
 CQI and ACK/NACK
 Physical Channel ,Uplink, SF=256,power control
T slot = 2560 chips 2 Tslot = 5120 chips
HARQ-ACK CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
Subframe #0 Subframe #i Subframe #4
One radio frame Tf = 10 ms

Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping

Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH

FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
CCCH RACH PRACH

FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH

HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH PRACH, S-CCPCH


Synchronization Procedure—Cell Search
UE uses PSC to acquire slot

Slot synchronization synchronization to a cell
UE uses SSC to find frame

Frame synchronization and synchronization and identify the
code group of the cell found in
code-group identification the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling

code through correlation over the
Scrambling-code CPICH with all codes within the
identified group, and then detects the
identification P-CCPCH and reads BCH information。

Synchronization Procedure— Channel Timing Relationship
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Any CPICH
P -CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 0 P -CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 1
t CCPCH,k
S- k:th S -CCPCH
t PICH
PICH for k:th S -CCPCH
AICH access #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

slo ts
t DPCH,n
n:th DPCH
10 ms

Random Access Procedure START
Choose a RACH sub channel from

available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble _Initial _ Power
Send a preamble
No AI
Choose a access slot again Check the corresponding AI
Get positive AI Get negative AI

Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power Increase message part power by p
-m based on preamble power
The counter of preamble retransmit

Subtract-1, Commanded preamble power
increased by Power Ramp Step Send the corresponding message part
Y
Set physical status to be RACH
Counter> 0 & Preamble power- message transmitted Set physical status to be Nack
maximum allowed power<6 dB on AICH received
N
Report the physical status to MAC
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
END
Random Access Procedure—RACH
 Physical random access procedure
 1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access
slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the
given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the
selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding
to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such
that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability ；
 2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures
within the given ASC. ；
 3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_
Retrans_ Max

 4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to
Preamble_Initial_Power
 5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and
preamble transmission power.
 6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI  +1 nor –1)
corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access
slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
− A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH
sub-channels within the given ASC;
− B: select a signature;
− C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power;
− D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the
Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6.
Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure.

 7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected

signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to
the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access
procedure Signature
 8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected
signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three
or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last
transmitted preamble
 9. exit the physical random access procedure

Transmit diversity Mode
Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type Open loop mode Closed loop mode

TSTD STTD Mode 1 Mode 2
P-CCPCH – applied – –
SCH applied – – –
S-CCPCH – applied – –
DPCH – applied applied applied
PICH – applied – –
HS-PDSCH – applied applied –
HS-SCCH – applied – –
AICH – applied – –

Transmit Diversity-STTD
 Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity(STTD）
 4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1 Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits

for antenna 1 and antenna 2.

Transmit Diversity-TSTD
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH channel.
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #14
ac p (Tx OFF)
acp ac p
Antenna 1
i,0
ac s (Tx OFF)
acsi,2 aci,14
s
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)

acp (Tx OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx OFF) acsi,1 (Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)

Transmit Diversity－Closed Loop Mode
 Closed loop mode transmit diversity
 Used in DPCH and PDSCH；

 Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in non-
diversity mode. The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX
antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight
factors w1 and w2.
 The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled to the
UTRAN access point (=cell transceiver) using the D-bits of the FBI
field of uplink DPCCH.
 The calculation of weight factor is the key point of closed loop Tx
diversity.there are two modes with different calculation methods of
weight factor：
− 1、mode 1 uses phase adjustment；the dedicated pilot
symbols of two antennas are different(orthogonal)
− 2、mode 2 uses phase/amplitude adjustment； the dedicated
pilot symbols of two antennas are the same.

Summary
 This course mainly introduces the basic concept,

key technology and procedures of WCDMA
physical layer.
 This is very helpful for comprehension of Uu
interface features and further study .

Thank You
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Wcdma Radio Interface Physical Layer

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Internal

WCDMA Radio Interface

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Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology

Chapter 3 Physical Layer Procedures

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Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

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C-plane signaling UuS boundary

RLC RLC L2/RLC

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 The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the

spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0  k  SF-1.

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 Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.

 Scrambling code period: 10ms ,or 38400 chips.

 The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of

 For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling

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8192 scrambling 512 sets Secondary

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Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology

Chapter 3 Physical Layer Procedures

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Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions

Section 2 Channel Mapping

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 In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three

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Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)

Broadcast control channel (BCCH)

Common control channel (CCCH)

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Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Broadcast channel (BCH)

High-speed downlink shared channel

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 A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code

Frequency, Code, Phase

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 Downlink Common Physical Channel

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 Uplink Common Physical Channel

 Physical Random Access Channel

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P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel

PICH-Paging Indicator Channel

Random access channels

DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel

High speed downlink share channels

HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel

HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

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Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14

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Slot # ? Slot #? Slot #?

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 Carries pre-defined sequence.