OTFS and Heisenberg Transform

• Submitted to : Dr. Kishor P. Sarawadekar • Submitted by : Rahul Chauhan

(Assistant Professor), MTech(2nd Sem)
IIT(BHU), Varanasi • Roll No : 22092017
 Contents

• Previous Technologies
• Limitations of Time-Frequency domain
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Delay-Doppler domain and representation
• T-f domain vs d-D domain
• OTFS
• OTFS Transmitter
 Previous Techniques - FDMA

• (FDMA) : Frequency Division Multiple Access

• Different bands for different users.
• Guard bands existed between two bands to reduce the ISI.
• Less Bandwidth Efficiency.
• Speed up-to 24kbps.
 2G(TDMA)

• Time Division Multiple Access.

• Different time slots for different users.
• All users use whole frequency band.
• Source and destination required to be in sync.
• Speed up-to 0.5 Mbps
 3G(CDMA)
• CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access.
• Pseudo-Random Orthogonal code generated by LFSR for different users.
• Codes generated by LFSR are uncorrelated.
• Codes Multiplied with message signal to enhance the bandwidth.
• Same code lies with Receiver to detect the transmitted signal.
• Stringent requirement of power control at transmitting end.
• Speed up-to 63 Mbps
 4G(OFDMA)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
• Improved version of FDMA
• Used orthogonal subcarriers to reduce ISI
• No guard bands
• Better efficiency
• Speed up-to 300 Mbps
 Limitation of Time-Frequency domain

• Signal can’t be realized having limit in both time and frequency.

• Localized pulse in frequency domain : spread in time domain
• Localized pulse in time domain : spread in frequency domain
• Time-Frequency related by : Fourier Transform
• Analogy : Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

• Accurate Position : inaccurate Momentum

• Accurate Momentum : inaccurate position
 To Resolve

• Earlier technologies used t-f domain.

• For 4G and beyond, one of the new emerging scenario is the High Speed
Vehicular applications which include:
1) High speed railway
2) Drone communication
3) Communication in hilly regions

• creates problem for High-Speed Vehicular Scenarios.

• Delay-Doppler representation solves this.
 Delay-Doppler Domain

• Delay : captures the propagation time that the signal takes to travel from
transmitter to receiver.
• Doppler : frequency shift change due to change in relative velocity.

Fig : Wireless Channel in delay-Doppler domain

Wireless Channel in delay-Doppler domain
 Delay-Doppler Representation

• Capturing the delay and doppler of the signal.

• Mapping d-D domain to t-f domain.
• Via delay position ascertained and via doppler velocity is assertained.
• Accurate position can be confirmed.
• Doppler goes to time via Inverse Fourier.
• Delay goes to frequency via Fourier.
• More spreading in t-f domain.
• Less spreading in d-D domain.
 T-f domain vs d-D domain

• T-f domain is very dense.

• Converting to d-D domain, the representation is quite sparse in nature.
• For larger bandwidth and high doppler cases , it is difficult to handle the system.
• For high doppler cases, things become Time-Variant.
• The moment we have time variant system, OFDM becomes limited as it is defined
for LTI system.
• Number of parameters are limited in d-D.
• For OFDM : the channel is not varying much wrt time OR has flat variation across time.
• For High-Mobility : i) doppler(frequency shift) is very high.
ii) higher doppler- fluctuations in channel over time increase

Figure : OFDM response for high mobility

 T-f handling vs d-D handling
• Time and frequency related to each other by Fourier transform.
• Delay and doppler are not directly related to each other by Fourier transform.
• We can have localized pulse in d-D domain where there is no restrictions like Heisenberg
uncertainty principle.
 OTFS
• Orthogonal time frequency and space.
• 2-D modulation scheme where information symbols are multiplexed in d-D
domain.
 OTFS Transmitter
• Delay-Doppler matrix (MxN).
• Apply IFFT to row. Doppler mapped to time.
• Apply FFT to column. Delay mapped to frequency.
• This is called ISFFT.
 OTFS Transmitter(Contd.)
• Now any signal that is to be transmitted, it has to be in time-domain.
• To convert to time domain from t-f domain, use Heisenberg Transform.

• s(t) : transmitted signal

• X[n,m] : t-f domain signals
• gtx(t) : time domain function is the pulse-shaping filter of the multicarrier
modulator for the windowed TF domain symbol.
 OTFS Transmitter(Contd.)

• After getting time domain signals, parallel to serial converter is employed.

• CP(Cyclic prefix) is added to Serial data to avoid Inter-symbol Interference(ISI).
Thank You