Mobile Communications: Week 2-3: Signal Propagation and Path Loss/Shadowing

ECE432
Mobile Communications
Week 2-3: Signal Propagation and Path Loss/Shadowing
2023. 03. 14.
Prof. Wonjae Shin

Department of ECE
Ajou University
Mobile Communication Systems 1

Review of Last Lecture
§ Definitions
– Method of transmitting information by an
electromagnetic wave (10 kHz-300 GHz) without using
any connection like wires
§ Properties and challenges
– Wireless channel is
• time-varying medium → special demands on design
• shared medium → interference problem
– Power and time-frequency must be carefully
controlled to avoid disturbing other systems
Interference
Review of Last Lecture
Transmitter
Modeling Receiver
𝑥 𝑦
Channel
0100100100100010 𝑃(𝑦|𝑥) 0000110100000010
0100100100100010
This Lecture
§ Wireless Channel (Given by nature)
– Probabilistic modeling (e.g., AWGN, Fading, etc.)
: That is why probability backgrounds are very important!
§ Transmission/Reception Schemes (Design issue)
– Modulation, Error-Correcting Coding, and MIMO
techniques
Review: Equivalent Baseband Models
Transmitted Received
signal 𝑠 𝑡 Channel signal 𝑟 𝑡
Transmitter Receiver
𝑐(𝑡)
Baseband signal 𝑠̃ 𝑡
= 𝑠! 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠"(𝑡) Bandpass signal
§ Transmitted signal 𝑠 𝑡 = Re 𝑠̃ 𝑡 𝑒 "#$%!&

= 𝑠! 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡 − 𝑠# 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓$ 𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓$ 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡))
&! '
where 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑠!" 𝑡 + 𝑠#" 𝑡 and 𝜃 𝑡 = tan$%
&" '
.
– 𝑆 𝑓 =ℱ 𝑠 𝑡 = [𝑆: ∗ −𝑓 − 𝑓$ + 𝑆: 𝑓 − 𝑓$ ] 𝑓! : Carrier frequency
/
ℱ: Fourier transform
– 𝑆: 𝑓 = ℱ 𝑠̃ 𝑡

Review: Equivalent Baseband Models
Transmitted Received
signal 𝑠 𝑡 Channel signal 𝑟 𝑡
Transmitter Receiver
𝑐(𝑡)
Baseband signal 𝑠̃ 𝑡 Baseband received signal
= 𝑠! 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠"(𝑡) 𝑟̃ 𝑡 = 𝑟! 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑟"(𝑡)
§ Received signal
– Bandpass: 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑡 ⋆ 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑟# 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓$ 𝑡 − 𝑟% (𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓& 𝑡)
'
– Baseband: 𝑟2 𝑡 = 𝑠̃ 𝑡 ⋆ 𝑐̃ 𝑡 = 𝑟# 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑟% 𝑡
(
– 𝑐 𝑡 = Re{𝑐̃ 𝑡 𝑒 )(*+( , }, 𝑟 𝑡 = Re 𝑟2 𝑡 𝑒 )(*+( ,
⋆: Convolution
Equivalent model
%
𝑠 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡 𝑟 𝑡 𝑠̃ 𝑡 𝑐̃ 𝑡 𝑟̃ 𝑡
"

Channel Modeling
𝑃5 𝑃6
𝑠(𝑡) 𝑟(𝑡)
Channel
Tx Rx
§ Transmit signal of power 𝑃& :

Complex baseband signal
𝑠 𝑡 = Re 𝑠̃ 𝑡 𝑒 !"#$-%
= 𝑠& (𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓' 𝑡 − 𝑠( 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓' 𝑡)
§ Received signal of power 𝑃0 :
𝑟 𝑡 = Re 𝑟̃ 𝑡 𝑒 !"#$-% + 𝑛(𝑡)
How to model 𝑃0 as a function of 𝑃& and distance?

Propagation Characteristics
§ Path Loss (includes average shadowing)
– Signal’s power decreases with distance
§ Shadowing (due to obstructions)
– Attenuation caused by obstacles
§ Multipath Fading
– Multipath arise due to reflection, diffraction, and scattering
Slow
Fast
Pt Pr/Pt
Pr v Very slow
d=vt
d=vt
“Path loss” +Mobile
”Shadowing” + “Multipath”7
Communication Systems
주요 전파 메커니즘으로는 반사(Reflection), 회절
(Diffraction), 산란(Scattering), 굴절(Refraction)

9
PATH LOSS
Mobile Communication Systems

Path Loss Modeling
§ Maxwell’s equations
– Complex and impractical
More practical model
§ Free space and 2-path models

– Too simple, but practical
§ Ray tracing models
– Requires site-specific information
§ Single-slope path loss exponent model
– Model captures main characteristics of ray tracing
§ Measurement-based and Standards Models
– Not accurate; used to assess different designs

Free Space (LOS) Model
𝑃5 𝑃6 (𝑑)
Tx Rx
𝑑
§ Path loss for unobstructed LOS path (1 path)

§ Power falls off :
– Proportional to 1/d2
– Proportional to 𝜆2 (inversely proportional to 𝑓 2)
• This is due to the effective aperture of the antenna
/
Friis’s 𝐺7 𝜆 where 𝜆 = 𝑐/𝑓# denotes a signal
law 𝑃6 (𝑑) = 𝑃5 wave-length and 𝐺$ denotes an
4𝜋𝑑 antenna gain

Free Space (LOS) Model
𝑃5 𝑃6 (𝑑)
Tx Rx
𝑑
§ Given transmit power, being able to compute

the received power in dB scale as
𝑃6 (𝑑) dBm
= 𝑃5 dBm + 10 log.8 𝐺7 + 20 log.8 𝜆 − 20 log.8 𝑑 − 20 log.8 4𝜋
§ What’s the difference dBm vs. dB
At a higher frequency, path-loss impact becomes severer

Linear vs. dB Scale
§ Power and Energy
– Power [Watt, W]
– Energy = Power ∗ time [Joule, J]
§ 𝑋 dB = 10× log(𝑋) , 𝑋 is dimensionless
6
§ 𝑋 dBm = 10× log , 𝑋 has dimension Watt
7 89
§ Tell me about meaning of 3 dB ?

Impact of Carrier Frequency
§ Example 1: Classical Wireless LAN:
– Center frequency 𝑓" = 900 MHz, 𝐺7 = 1
100𝑚
– 𝑐 = 3 ⋅ 109 m/s
– Cell radius = 100 m
– Required minimum power = 10 dBm AP
Q: What is the minimum transmit power at AP?

/ >#
𝑃6 𝐺7 𝜆 :" ;
= 𝑃& = 𝑃0
𝑃5 4𝜋𝑑 <$=
𝑃& dBm = 10 + 20 log7? 1200𝜋 = 81.5 dBm

Impact of Carrier Frequency
§ Example 2: Modern Wireless LAN:
– Center frequency 𝑓" = 5 GHz, 𝐺7 = 1
100𝑚
– 𝑐 = 3 ⋅ 109 m/s
– Cell radius = 100 m
– Required minimum power = 10 dBm AP
Q: What is the minimum transmit power at AP?

/ >#
𝑃6 𝐺7 𝜆 :" 𝝀 What if 28 GHz?
= 𝑃& = 𝑃0
𝑃5 4𝜋𝑑 <$= (e.g., 5G NR FR2)
𝑃& dBm = 10 + 20 log7? 6667𝜋 = 96.4 dBm ≫ 81.5

Two Ray Model
𝑑
Tx Rx
§ Path loss for one LOS path and 1 ground bounce

– Ground bounce approximately cancels LOS path above
critical distance dc (= 4ℎ5 ℎ6 /𝜆)
For a large 𝑑 ( ≫ dc)
§ Power falls off
&
– Proportional to 𝑑 (small 𝑑)
2 #$ $
) *
𝑃 ! ≈ 𝑃 "
– Proportional to 𝑑4 (𝑑 > dc) %+
– Independent of l (fc) ℎ5 , ℎ6 : heights of Tx and Rx
When distance is large, Rx power is independent of 𝜆
Two Ray Model
§ Distance vs received power for two ray model & approximations
Parameters
𝑓$ = 900 MHz
𝑅 = −1
ℎ5 = 50 m
ℎ6 = 2 m
𝐺7 = 1

General Ray Tracing
§ Models signal components as particles
Transmitter Transmitter
Receiver
Receiver Transmitter Receiver
Multi-Ray Reflections Diffraction Scattering
§ Requires site geometry and dielectric properties

– Easier than Maxwell (geometry vs. differential equations)
§ Computer packages often used

Ray-Tracing Based Modeling
[Source: European Union METIS]

Ray-Tracing Based Modeling
§ Industry-leading wireless network design software
– Design, optimize and automate the
next generation of wireless networks

Simplified Path Loss Model
§ High complexity to obtain accurate path loss model
§ Single-slope path loss exponent model
– A simple model can capture the essence of signal propagation
– The values for 𝐾, 𝑑2 , and 𝛾 can be obtained to approximate
either an analytical or empirical model
Environment 𝛾 range
8> 9 Urban macrocells 3.7–6.5
𝑃6 = 𝑃7 𝐾 Urban microcells 2.7–3.5

8 Office building (same floor) 1.6–3.5
Office building (multiple 2–6
𝐾 : Path gain 𝑃) /𝑃* at distance 𝑑 = 𝑑)
floors)
𝑑) : Reference distance
𝛾 : Path-loss exponent Store 1.8–2.2
Factory 1.6–3.3
Home 3

mmWave Communication
§ Commercial bands expanded to mmWave (30-300GHz)

mmWave: Propagation (30-300GHz)
§ Channel model
– Based on measurements, few accurate analytical model
§ 𝑃2 in mmWave is proportional to 𝜆( (too small 𝜆 to approximate)
– cf. 𝑃2 with large 𝑑 two ray model is independent of 𝜆
§ Resonant frequency of O( and H( O → significant absorption
Attenuation [dB/km]
Rain attenuation
[dB/km]
Frequency [GHz]
High attenuation → mmWave systems has small cell size

YouTube Video: Millimeter Wave

6G Terehertz Communications
§ Terahertz (IEEE, ITU): 0.3 THz - 3 THz
§ In publication: 0.1 THz - 10 THz
– The lower & wider spectrum bands, the better for 6G

Measurement-Based Models
§ Free-space path loss or ray tracing cannot be accurate in
complex propagation environments
§ Common empirical models
– High accuracy in environment similar to environment in
which empirical measurements are obtained
– Okumura model Transmitter
• Large urban macrocells
• Frequency ranges of 150-1500 MHz
• Distances of 1-100 km
– Hata model
• Based on the Okumura model
• Simple calculation → short computation time Receiver
• Frequency ranges of 150-1500 MHz and distances of 1-10 km
• A good model for early generation cellular systems in cities

Measurement-Based Models
§ Cellular system models
– Models for various scenarios developed by 3GPP & ITU
– Indoor and outdoor, large antenna arrays, large and small cells,
device-to-device communications, etc.
– 5G channel model supports frequencies up to 100GHz
– COST 231
• Extending Hata models to carrier frequencies up to 2 GHz
– 3GPP spatial channel model (SCM)
• Standardized model for evaluating MIMO system
performance in outdoor environment
• Stochastic ray-based model for 2 GHz range and 5 MHz BW
• Developed in combined 3GPP/3GPP2 ad-hoc group
3GPP, TR 25.996, “Spatial channel model for multiple input multiple

output (MIMO) simulations (Rel. 6),” 2003.

31
SHADOWING

Shadowing (Blockage)
Slow
Pr/Pt
Very slow
d=vt
§ Models attenuation from obstructions
§ Random due to random # and type of obstructions
– Due to blockage from objects in the signal path
§ Typically follows a log-normal distribution
– dB value of power is normally distributed
– 𝜇=0 (mean captured in path loss), 4<𝜎 % <12 (empirical)
– CLT ( Central limit theorem ) used to explain this model

Log-normal Shadowing
§ Most common statistical model: log-normal shadowing
?
– 𝜑 = ?! assumed to be random variable following a log-
"
normal distribution
(
B .8 FGH&' EIJ#$%
𝑝 𝜑 = exp − ( , 𝜑>0
/CD#$% E /D# $%
'5
where 𝜇4+, = 𝔼[10 log'5 𝜑], 𝜎4(+, =𝔼[(10 log'5 𝜑 − 𝜇4+, )( ], 𝜁 =
67'5
– dB value of power (𝜑@A = 10 log.8 𝜑) is normally
distributed (e.g., Gaussian distribution)
(
. E$% IJ#$%
𝑝 𝜑@A = exp − (
/CD#$% /D# $%

§ PDF comparison b/w Normal and Log-normal

§ Log-normal distribution: ln 𝑋 ~𝒩(𝜇, 𝜎 O )

Path Loss + Shadowing
§ Linear Model: y (log-normal distribution)
g
Pr æ d0 ö
= Kç ÷ y 10log𝑲 Slow
Pt è d ø Pr/Pt
Very slow
Shadowing (dB) -10g
log d
§ dB Model Constant
Pr æ d0 ö
- 10g log10 ç ÷ + y dB ,
(dB ) = 10 log10 K +
Pt è d ø
y dB ~ N (0, s y )
2

Outage Probability
§ Outage probability
– A target minimum received power level 𝑃KLM
– Probability that received power 𝑃N falls below 𝑃KLM
𝑝GOP (𝑃KLM, 𝑑) = ℙ[𝑃N (𝑑) < 𝑃KLM]
§ Path loss only (or path loss and average shadowing)
– Combined path loss is the same at a uniform distance
from the base station → circular cell
Path loss 𝑝&'(
1
𝑅
Tx
𝑝&'( = 1 𝑝&'( = 0
Tx 𝑅 𝑑

Outage Probability
§ Combined path loss and shadowing
– Amoeba-like shape due to shadowing variations
– Log-normal distributed with prob. of falling below 𝑃KLM
§ Single-slope path loss & log-normal shadowing
𝑃897 − 𝑃: + 10log'5 𝐾 − 10𝛾log'5 𝑑/𝑑2
𝑝GOP = 1 − Q
𝜎;-.
Path loss 𝑝&'(

1
Path loss & random
shadowing
Tx
Tx 𝑑

Model Parameter Fitting
J& =
[dB] = 10 log7? 𝐾 − 10𝛾 log7? ± 𝜓KL
J' =&
§ Obtain model parameters from empirical measurements
§ Path loss (𝐾, 𝛾), 𝑑, known
– 𝐾 obtained from measurements at 𝑑#
– Exponent(𝛾) is MMSE estimate based on 𝐾 and data
– (𝐾, 𝛾) can be simultaneously obtained by least squares fit
§ Shadowing variance 𝑃/ /𝑃'
[dB]
– Variance 𝜎$%)* is derived
𝜎1" #$
with given 𝐾 and 𝛾 10 log%0 𝐾
-10𝛾
log%0 (𝑑) ) log%0 (𝑑)

Cell Planning – Choosing Cell Size
§ Fixed a maximum transmit power 𝑃&
– LTE eNB Tx power: 46 dBm, UE Tx power: 23 dBm
§ System Requirements
– Minimum received power 𝑃KLM (related to Throughput)
– Outage Probability 𝑝GOP (related to Reliability)
§ How to find Cell Coverage? (Engineering Problem)
– Compute ℙ 𝑃6 𝑑 < 𝑃KLM = 𝑓 𝑑 function of a distance
– Then, find the largest 𝒅 such that 𝑓 𝑑 ≤ 𝑝GOP
– The largest 𝑑 is the largest cell coverage to satisfy the
system requirements!

§ Example: Outage Probability
– Consider a wireless system “Gaussian R.V.”
o Transmit power at BS: 100 dBm
o Path-loss model: 𝑃< 𝑑 dBm = 𝑃, dBm − 40 log'5 𝑑 − 𝜑=> ,
where 𝜑=> ~ 𝑁(0,8)
o Required received power: 20 dBm
Q: What is the outage probability of user at distance 100 m?
𝑃) = 100 dBm
100 m
Tx Required minimum
received power = 20 dBm
Rx
§ Example: Outage Probability
𝑃) = 100 dBm
100 m
Tx Required minimum
received power = 20 dBm
Rx
§ Find the mean and variance of 𝑃0 𝑑 :
– 𝜇 = 𝑃5 − 40 log.8 𝑑 = 20
– 𝜎/ = 8
§ From the definition of Q function, we obtain
?+,- IJ
𝑃GOP 𝑃KLM, 𝑑 = ℙ 𝑃6 𝑑 < 20 = 1 − 𝑄 D
= 1 − Q 0 = 50%
§ Outage probability as a function of distance 𝑑
– MATLAB PRACTICE
0
10
% MATLAB CODE
-2
10
clear all
10 -4 clc
Outage Probability
10
-6 for i=1:20
d(i) = 5*i;
10
-8
u = 100 - 40*log10(d(i));
Pout(i) = 1-qfunc((20-u)/sqrt(8));
10
-10
end
10 -12
semilogy(d,Pout)
-14
10
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
d [m]

§ Outage probability as a function of distance 𝑑
10 0
10
-2
System requirement:
10
-4
: Outage probability
Outage Probability
should be less than 1%

10 -6
10
-8
Q. What is the coverage?
-10
𝑑 ≈ 70 m
10
-12
10
10 -14
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
d [m]
Any user within 70m can be successfully served with prob. 99%
§ Cellular System Design
70𝑚

§ Throughput in downtown area using single
antennas (left) vs. MIMO beamforming (right)

Take Out Your Phone!

iOS 14 pictured

What's Next?
§ If your outside signal ranges from:
§ So what's your best dBm

value? Mobile Communication Systems 49
RSRP and SINR
SINR is a better measure of potential performance than RSRP

Summary
§ Path Loss Models
– Free space and 2-path models
– Ray tracing models
– Single-slope path loss models
§ Log Normal Shadowing
§ Combined Path Loss and Shadowing
– Cell Coverage Area
– Models Parameters from Empirical Measurements
§ Next Lecture
– Statistical Multipath Channel Models
Homework #1
§ Write the “Summary and Review”
– including probability and random process
§ Problem Sets (Exercise Problems in Ch. 2)

– 1, 7, 8, 18, 19
§ Due date: Apr. 3 (Tuesday)

– 수업 전 제출
– No homework submission will be accepted after
the due date

Appendix

Modulation
§ Motivation of Modulation
– More efficient use of bandwidth/spectrum
• More than one baseband signal may be sent
(e.g. frequency multiplexing multiplexing)
– Reduced antenna size at high frequency
• Antenna size is a function of wavelength (e.g., 𝜆/2)
• Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
– Transmission of baseband signals over broadband
media to exploit medium characteristics
• Long waves for submarines, short waves for
handheld devices, very short waves for directed
microwave transmission

Modulation

Modulation
§ Modulation
– Changing some characteristics of a carrier
in accordance with an information-bearing signal
§ Categorization
– Continuous-Wave (CW) modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Phase and frequency modulation
– Pulse modulation
• Amplitude, width (or duration), relative position

Low-Pass & Band-Pass Signals
§ Low-pass signal
– Non-zero frequency content is limited by 𝑓 < 𝑊
– Baseband communication
• Commutation using low-pass signals
§ Band-pass signal
– Narrow–band signal
Carrier Frequency
Bandwidth

§ A real-valued band-pass signal
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑡 cos[2𝜋𝑓Q 𝑡 + 𝜙(𝑡)]
Envelope (non-negative) Phase

§ Canonical representation of band-pass signal
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑡 cos[2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡 + 𝜙(𝑡)]
= 𝑎 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡 cos 𝜙(𝑡) − 𝑎 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡 sin 𝜙(𝑡)
= 𝑎 𝑡 cos 𝜙(𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝜙 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡
≜ 𝑔2 (𝑡) ≜ 𝑔3 (𝑡)
= 𝑔7 (𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡 − 𝑔Y (𝑡) sin 2𝜋𝑓" 𝑡
𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑔" 𝑡 # + 𝑔! 𝑡 #
𝑔! 𝑡
𝜙 𝑡 = tan$%
𝑔" (𝑡)
𝑔! (𝑡)

§ Complex baseband representation
𝑔 𝑡 = Re 𝑔O 𝑡 𝑒 "#$%(&
where 𝑔i 𝑡 = 𝑔7 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑔Y (𝑡) Complex Envelope
Real-valued signal
1
𝑔 𝑡 = [𝑔i 𝑡 𝑒 \/C]< 5 + 𝑔i ∗ 𝑡 𝑒 I\/C]< 5 ]
2
1
⟸ 𝐺 𝑓 = [𝐺(𝑓n − 𝑓" ) + 𝐺n ∗ (−(𝑓 + 𝑓" ))]
2

Band-Pass Systems
§ In low-pass system
^
𝑦 𝑡 = ∫I^ 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 and 𝑌 𝑓 = 𝐻 𝑓 𝑋(𝑓)
§ In band-pass system
– band-pass filter: ℎ 𝑡 = Re ℎn 𝑡 𝑒 \/C]< 5
Complex impulse response of the band-pass filter

.
ℎ 𝑡 = / ℎn 𝑡 𝑒 \/C]< 5 + ℎn ∗ 𝑡 𝑒 I\/C]< 5
.
u 𝑓 − 𝑓" + 𝐻
𝐻 𝑓 =/ 𝐻 u ∗ −(𝑓 + 𝑓" )
u 𝑓 =v 2𝐻 𝑓 + 𝑓" , 𝑓 + 𝑓" > 0

𝐻
0, otherwise

Band-Pass Systems
§ In band-pass system
– Band-pass output signal
𝑦 𝑡 = Re 𝑦i 𝑡 𝑒 \/C]< 5
– Frequency representation
𝑌 𝑓 =𝐻 𝑓 𝑋 𝑓
*
= R 𝑓 − 𝑓# + 𝐻
𝐻 R ∗ −(𝑓 + 𝑓# ) × * 𝑋V 𝑓 − 𝑓# + 𝑋V ∗ −(𝑓 + 𝑓# )
% %
% % R R 𝑓 − 𝑓# + 𝐻* R ∗ −(𝑓 + 𝑓# ) 𝑋
R ∗ −(𝑓 + 𝑓# )
=
" "
𝐻 𝑓 − 𝑓# 𝑋 %
'
= 𝑌Z 𝑓 − 𝑓$ + 𝑌Z ∗ −(𝑓 + 𝑓$ )
(
' u u 𝑓 which can be represented as
Z
where 𝑌 𝑓 = 𝐻 𝑓 𝑋
(
1
𝑦i 𝑡 = ℎn 𝑡 ∗ 𝑥i 𝑡
2

Band-Pass Systems
§ Equivalent low-pass analysis
𝑥 𝑡 = Re 𝑥i 𝑡 𝑒 \/C]< 5 𝑦 𝑡 = Re 𝑦i 𝑡 𝑒 \/C]< 5
1
𝑦i 𝑡 = ℎn 𝑡 ∗ 𝑥i 𝑡
2

Q-function
§ If 𝑌 is a Gaussian random variable with mean 𝜇 and
/ _IJ
variancen 𝜎 , then 𝑋 = is standard normal and
D
ℙ 𝑌>𝑦 =ℙ 𝑋>𝑥 =𝑄 𝑥
`IJ . ^ b(
where 𝑥 = and 𝑄 𝑥 = ∫ exp − 𝑑𝑢.
D /C a /

Mobile Communications: Week 2-3: Signal Propagation and Path Loss/Shadowing

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Mobile Communications: Week 2-3: Signal Propagation and Path Loss/Shadowing

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ECE432

Prof. Wonjae Shin

Mobile Communication Systems 1

§ Transmitted signal 𝑠 𝑡 = Re 𝑠̃ 𝑡 𝑒 "#$%!&

Mobile Communication Systems 4

Mobile Communication Systems 5

§ Transmit signal of power 𝑃& :

How to model 𝑃0 as a function of 𝑃& and distance?

Mobile Communication Systems 8

Mobile Communication Systems

§ Free space and 2-path models

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§ Path loss for unobstructed LOS path (1 path)

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§ Given transmit power, being able to compute

At a higher frequency, path-loss impact becomes severer

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§ Tell me about meaning of 3 dB ?

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Q: What is the minimum transmit power at AP?

𝑃& dBm = 10 + 20 log7? 1200𝜋 = 81.5 dBm

Q: What is the minimum transmit power at AP?

𝑃& dBm = 10 + 20 log7? 6667𝜋 = 96.4 dBm ≫ 81.5

§ Path loss for one LOS path and 1 ground bounce

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Receiver Transmitter Receiver

Multi-Ray Reflections Diffraction Scattering

§ Requires site geometry and dielectric properties

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[Source: European Union METIS]

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8> 9 Urban macrocells 3.7–6.5

𝑃6 = 𝑃7 𝐾 Urban microcells 2.7–3.5

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High attenuation → mmWave systems has small cell size

Mobile Communication Systems

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Mobile Communication Systems 29

3GPP, TR 25.996, “Spatial channel model for multiple input multiple

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Mobile Communication Systems

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§ PDF comparison b/w Normal and Log-normal

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Path loss 𝑝&'(

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log%0 (𝑑) ) log%0 (𝑑)

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Q: What is the outage probability of user at distance 100 m?

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should be less than 1%

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§ So what's your best dBm

SINR is a better measure of potential performance than RSRP