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In the past, we had discussed BER for BPSK in flat fading Rayleigh channel. I [1]n this post, lets discuss a
frequency selective channel with the use of Zero Forcing (ZF) equalization to compensate for the inter
symbol interference (ISI). For simplifying the discussion, we will assume that there is no pulse shaping at the
transmitter. The ISI channel is assumed to be a fixed 3 tap channel.
Transmit symbol
Let the transmit symbols be modeled as
, where
For simplicity, lets assume that the transmit pulse shaping filter is not present, i.e .
Channel Model
Lets us assume the channel to be a 3 tap multipath channel with spacing i.e.
[2]
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DSP log » BER for BPSK in ISI channel with Zer... http://www.dsplog.com/2009/11/29/ber-bpsk-isi-...
In addition to the multipath channel, the received signal gets corrupted by noise , typically referred to as
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The values of the noise follows the Gaussian probability
mean and
variance .
, where
After equalization
Note:
The term causes noise amplification resulting poorer bit error rate performance.
From the post on toeplitz matrix [3],we know that convolution operation can be represented as matrix
multiplication.
Using similar matrix algebra and assuming that the coefficients has 3 taps, the equation
can be equivalently represented as,
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DSP log » BER for BPSK in ISI channel with Zer... http://www.dsplog.com/2009/11/29/ber-bpsk-isi-...
Example
The frequency response of the channel and the equalizer are shown below:
[4]
Simulation Model
Click here to download: Matlab/Octave script for computing BER for BPSK with 3 tap ISI channel with Zero
Forcing Equalization [5]
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DSP log » BER for BPSK in ISI channel with Zer... http://www.dsplog.com/2009/11/29/ber-bpsk-isi-...
(e) Computing the equalization filter at the receiver – the equalization filter is 3, 5, 7, 9 taps in length
Figure: BER plot for BPSK in a 3 tap ISI channel with Zero Forcing equalizer
Observations
1. Increasing the equalizer tap length from 3 to 5 showed reasonable performance improvement.
3. The results are poorer compared to the AWGN no multipath results. This is due to the noise amplification
(see the frequency response above) by the zero forcing equalization filter.
Next step is to discuss the zero forcing equalizer in the presence of transmit pulse shaping and then move
on to minimum mean square error equalizer.
Related posts:
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