CSEC Form 5

Revision Guide
 Definition of terms
• Population refers to the total number of people
living in a given place at a given time.

• Population distribution describes the way

people are spread out over a given region.
 Population density refers to the number of
people in a square unit of area in a given time.

 Population structure is the composition of a

given population, which is broken down into
categories such as age and gender.
Factors influencing the distribution and density of the population

• Physical –relief, altitude, water supply, soil, climate, natural

resources

• Economic

• Social and political factors

• Historical
Maps used to interpret population density and
distribution.

• Dot maps

• Choropleth: A map in which areas such as

administrative districts are shaded to show the average
value of a variable such as population density.
Population growth: is
the increase in a given
population over a period
of time
Factors affecting the growth of the population in the
Caribbean with China

• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Migration
• Fertility rate
• Life expectancy
• Government policies
 Definition of terms

 Urbanisation: is the process whereby an increasing

percentage of the population of a territory lives in the
towns and cities.

 Urban sprawl: the uncontrolled spread of urban

development into neighboring regions.
Causes of Urbanisation (Causes of population growth
in capital cities and other urban areas.)

 Natural increase: a large concentration of the

population in the city results in a large natural increase.

 Migration (internal, regional, and international)

People move within the city (internal migration)
Why do people migrate to cities?
Push factors: why migrants leave rural
areas.
–Lack of jobs in rural areas
–Low earnings in agriculture
–Fewer educational
opportunities
–Some communities lack good
health or public services.
–Restricted social life
Pull factors: why
migrants move to cities.
– Opportunities in services,
construction, manufacturing
– More educational opportunities
– More developed public services
– Varied social life and
entertainment
– Friends and family may have
already moved.
Benefits of urbanization in Kingston, Jamaica.

 Labour supply (Employment)

 Economic growth
 Better housing and schools
 Entertainment and recreation
 Transportation
 Telecommunications technology.
Problems of population growth in Kingston,
Jamaica.
• Overcrowding
• Crime
• Housing
• Environmental
• Traffic congestion
• High unemployment
 Attempts to control urbanisation
 Zoning

 Decentralization of services

 Development of housing schemes

 Upgrade of rural areas

 Diversification of agriculture
Consequences of in and out-migration in the
Caribbean since the 1990s.

 Economic impacts (Negative)

Brain drain occurs as a result of the loss of
mainly skilled and professional persons who
migrate.
 Economic impacts (Positive)

Money is sent home by migrants to

their families. This may contribute
to foreign exchange.
 Social impacts
Greater stress is placed on the resources
and social services of the country.

There is social resentment towards the

newly arrived.
Primary economic
activities (Industries) are
those involved in the
extraction of raw materials.
Secondary economic
activities (Industries) are
those involved in the
processing of raw materials.
Tertiary economic
activities (Industries)
are those that provide
services.
Names and Location of primary
economic activities in the Caribbean
• Forestry in Guyana
• Oil and natural gas in Trinidad
• Bauxite mines in Guyana and Jamaica
• Fishing in Belize
Names and Location of secondary
economic activities in the Caribbean

 Food processing in Trinidad and Tobago

Names and Location of Tertiary
economic activities in the Caribbean

 Tourism in the Bahamas

Fishing in Belize: a resource-based primary industry
Bauxite mining in Jamaica
Main lumbering 0 500km

areas in Guyana
Oil and natural gas in Trinidad and Tobago
Characteristics and importance of primary,
secondary and tertiary economic activities in
the caribbean.
 Income and revenue
 Employment
 Improved standard of living
 Transport and trade
Renewable and non- renewable resources

 Renewable resources: are those natural

resources which will renew over short periods
of time whereas non- renewable resources are
those which , once used up, will take thousands
or even millions of years to regenerate.
Factors influencing the location of industries (Forestry,
Bauxite Mining, Food processing)
 Raw material:
 Energy
 Transport
 Markets
 Labour
 Capital
 The role of government
Problems/ challenges faced by the food
processing industry in Singapore

 Competition
 Declining sources of raw materials
Problems faced by the food processing
industry in Trinidad
 Declining sources of raw materials
 Competition
 Transportation
 Pollution
Problems faced by the forestry industry in
Guyana
 Transportation
 Declining sources of raw materials
 Accessibility
 Competition
Solutions to problems faced by the selected
industries in the Caribbean (Forestry, Bauxite
Mining, Food processing)
 Exploration of new sources of raw materials
 Alternative sources of raw materials
 Diversification.
Factors influencing the development and growth of the
tourism industry in the Caribbean

 Physical (Sand, sea, climate (sun) )

 Cultural (carnival celebrations)
 Man made attractions (Hotels, resorts, condominiums)
 Role of government (Advertising campaigns, set up
tourist villages)
Problems faced by the tourism industry
in the caribbean
 Competition
 Transportation
 Pollution
 Sustainability
Factors influencing the development of agriculture in the Caribbean

 Historical

 Physical: (sunlight, rainfall (Climate) relief, soil and natural hazards)

 Human factors: (labour, seed, tools (machines) and money)

 Economic factors: (Capital/ money, land ownership, technology)

Areas in the Caribbean where commercial
farming is important

 Guyana- sugar cane, rice

 Trinidad and Tobago- Sugar cane
 Grenada- Nutmeg
 Jamaica- Coffee, Bananas
Areas in the Caribbean where subsistence
farming (small- scale) is important

Trinidad and Tobago- vegetables, seasonings

Haiti
Jamaica- vegetables, root crops
Guyana- vegetables, root crops
Characteristics of commercial farming in a named
Caribbean country (Trinidad and Tobago)
 Size of farm (31, 000 hectares)
 Ownership (Government and private)
 Labour (large labour force)
 Technology (tractors, ploughs and combine harvesters are
used)
 Markets (crop is exported to Europe/ CARICOM countries)
 Farming practices (Monoculture- one crop is cultivated)
Characteristics of Sugar cane Farming in Guyana
 Acreage (50,000 hectares under cultivation)
 Farming practices (fields are flooded before planted, then
ploughed and canes are planted, shallow trenches are digged in
which canes are planted. Fertilizers are sprayed onto plants)
 Labour (Both skilled and unskilled)
 Technology (both mechanical and simple tools )
 Markets (Sugar sold locally / exported to Europe/ CARICOM)
0 100km
Characteristics of Sugar cane Farming in Brazil
 Acreage (8.5 million hectares under cultivation)
 Farming practices ( Sugar replanted six or seven years, crop
rotation is practiced, organic fertilizers are used, and leftover
sugar cane straw is used as fertilizers)
 Labour (Both skilled and unskilled)
 Technology (Machines cut most of the canes, sugar is used for
ethanol, and the fibre is used for bioelectricity. )
 Markets (Sugar sold locally / exported)
Changes in Commercial farming (Sugar cane)
cultivation in Guyana with Brazil
Guyana Brazil
 Technology: Brazil has improved its
Guyana has built a machines and technology
modernize sugar factory and some farms uses
and there are plans to use radio transmitters.
combine harvester.
Changes in Commercial farming (Sugar cane)
cultivation in Guyana with Brazil
Guyana Brazil
 New markets.
Free trade between
caribbean
countries.
Changes in Commercial farming (Sugar cane) cultivation in
Guyana with Brazil
 Government policies (including food security where people
have access to safe and nutritious food)
 Biofuels (half of the sugar in Brazil is used to produce ethanol
and sugar cane waste in both Guyana and Brazil is used to
produce electricity)
 Value added products (sugar is used to make products in
industries; thus value is added)
Changes in Commercial farming (Sugar
cane) cultivation in Guyana with Brazil

 Shade houses (Some farmers use shade

houses where they grow crops)