Fiber Optics General Basic

Fiber Optic General Basics
SyarifRahmad.Putra@jdsu.com
Product Application Engineer – JDSU Indonesia
Test & Measurement Solutions
www.jdsu.com
Fiber Optic General Basics
 Fiber types
 Connectors & Adapters
 Sources
 Detectors
 Attenuation
 Chromatic Dispersion
 Polarization Mode Dispersion
2 © 2006 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Fiber Optic
 Communication technology, developed in the 70’s, that works by

sending optical signals down hair thin strands of glass fiber.
Fiber
Light rays
Transmitter Receiver
Fiber Types
Core
Coating Cladding
2 types
Multimode Singlemode
50 or 62.5 µm
125 µm 250 to 900 µm 250 to 900 µm 125 µm 9 to 10 µm
Fiber Types MM
 Numerous light rays (mode) are carried
simultaneously through the fiber.
Multimode Step Index (obsolete) Multimode Graded Index
n2
nA
n1
nB
n1>n2 nA>nB
 Multimode fibers :
– 850 to 1300 nm
– Short distances
– LAN / Industry
Fiber Types SM
 A single light ray (mode) is carried through the fiber.
 Singlemode fibers :
– Very high-speed transmission
– 1260 to 1660 nm
– Long distances
– Telecom/CATV – CWDM/DWDM
Connectors, Mating Sleeves & Adapters
Connector types
 FC connector
– Ceramic ferrule (Ø 2.5 mm)
– Screw mechanism with key –aligned
– Mainly used with singlemode fibers
 SC connector
– Push-Pull latching mechanism
– Mainly used with singlemode fibers
 MU connector
Connector types
 ST connector
– Twist-lock mechanism
– Mainly used with multimode fibers
 LC connector
 E2000 connector
– Push-Pull latching mechanism with a
protective cap over the ferrule
 DIN connector
– Anti-rotation keyed
Connector Cleaning and Inspection
 Inspection, cleaning and re-inspection are critical steps which
must be done before making any fiber-optic connection!
 Dust, oil or scratching :
– Can cause failure in the system
– Influence the measurement results
Optical Mating Sleeves
 Mating sleeves: to mate connectors.
 Different types:
– FC/FC, SC/SC, E2000/E2000…
– FC/SC, FC/ST, SC/ST…
Mating Sleeves
Connector 1 Connector 2
Air contact / Physical Contact
End gaps cause loss problems

Air gap (a few microns)
(insertion loss & low return loss)
Physical Contact (PC) Connector:
Physical Contact Only a small amount of light

is reflected
 PC: Physical Contact
 SPC: Super Physical Contact
 UPC: Ultra Physical Contact
PC/APC
 The angle reduces the amount of light reflected at the connector

interface.
Angled Physical Contact (APC) Connector:
5° to 15° Angled Surfaces Contact
 PC: Physical Contact

 APC: Angled Physical Contact
Adapters
 Coupling of the fiber/connector via an air gap to a photodiode
(power meter)
Adapter Air gap Photodiode
Fiber
2014 test adapters

Power Meter
 Precise fiber to fiber coupling (source, attenuator, OSA, OTDR)

Adapter Fiber
Fiber
2150 test adapters

Light Source
Adapters (2014 system)
 1.25 & 2.5 mm UPP (Universal Push Pull) adapters:

fit to all 1.25 & 2.5 mm fiber optics connectors
 A built in reflection trap in the adapters prevents multiple reflections

between the connector’s end face and the detector, which would cause
incorrect results
Sources
Characteristics LEDs Lasers

Linearly proportional to drive Proportional to current above
Output Power
current the threshold
Current Drive Current: 50 to 100 mA Peak Threshold Current: 5 to 40 mA
Speed Slower Faster

Wavelengths Available 0.66 to 1.65 µm 0.78 to 1.65 µm
Narrower (0.00001 nm to 10 nm
Spectral Width Wider (40-190 nm FWHM)
FWHM)
Fiber Type MM SM, MM
Ease of Use Easier Harder
Lifetime Longer Long
Cost Low High
Sources
 LED: Light Emitting Diode
 LD: Laser Diode DFB: Distributed Feedback

FP: Fabry-Perot
Optical Power Meter
 A photodetector/photodiode converts optical energy into electrical energy

by producing an electrical current proportional to the amount of light
incident
Sensitive surface Photodiode
Fiber
Iph
Optical Energy Electrical Energy
Wavelength Selective Power Meter
 Photodiode combined with one or several optical filters

 One built-in filter selected by the user so only one  hits the photodiode
Sensitive surface Photodiode

Optical Filter
Fiber
Iph
Optical Energy Electrical Energy
Optical Spectrum Analyzer
 Incoming light converted into a parallel beam
 Different wavelengths of light separated by a diffraction grating. Only one
 reaches the photodetector
 Range of wavelengths swept as the diffraction grating rotates
Fiber Mirrors Photodiode
Iph
Rotating
Diffraction
Grating
 Full wavelength scan in few seconds
dBm-mW
 dBm Unit is Decibels relative to 1mW of Power
Tx 1mW = 0dBm
Pi (mW )
Relative Power (dB) =10*Log
Pt (mW ) 2dB
1dB
Pi (mW ) Loss = 8dB
Absolut Power (dBm) =10*Log
1mW
5dB
Rx
-8dBm
0 dBm -3 dBm -20 dBm -40 dBmm
1 mW 0.5 mW 0.01 mW 0.0001 mW
Attenuation
 The attenuation is the decrease in signal strength along a fiber-optic link.
1st
Transmission
Window
820-880nm
Attenuation (dB/km)
2nd 3rd
Transmission Transmission
Window Window
1285-1330 nm 1525-1575nm
850 1300 1550

Wavelength (nm)
 Attenuation is expressed in dB/km.
Losses in Optical Fiber
 Scattering (Rayleigh) losses

– Due to small density variations in the material
– Accounts for up to 95 % of total loss
– Varies as -4 for all types of fiber
 Material or Absorption losses

– Due to atomic structure of material-hydroxy (OH) and other impurities
– Accounts for up to 5% of total loss
 Macro and Micro-bending losses
Intrinsic attenuation
 Scattering is the loss of a light signal from the fiber core caused by
impurities or changes in the index of refraction of the fiber.
Impurities
Light scattered
 Absorption: Light is absorbed due to chemical properties or natural

impurities in the glass.
Imperfections
Si
O O O
Si
Si Si
O O
Si Cu
Pure Glass=Si O2
Extrinsic attenuation
 Microbend
Microbending losses are due to microscopic fiber deformations in the core-
cladding interface
Microbendings
 Macrobend
Macrobending losses are due to bends in the fiber that are large in relation
to fiber diameter
Macrobending
 Attenuation due to bending is greater at 1550nm than it is at 1310nm
Attenuation
Bendings
Attenuation
OH Absorption Peaks
950-1240-1380 nm
Attenuation (dB/km)
Impurity
Absorption
Rayleigh Scattering
1/ IR Absorption
850 1300 1550

Wavelength (nm)
Low water peak fiber
 1383nm: high attenuation

G.652. A & B peak caused by
Conventional fiber absorption due to OH
Attenuation (dB/km)
 Low water peak fiber:

– Increase available
optical system
G.652. C & D bandwidth
Low water peak fiber – Increase high data rate
capability
850 1300 1550

Wavelength (nm)
Chromatic Dispersion
 Chromatic Dispersion: the propagation delay time due to the variation
of index according to the wavelength (ps/(nm.km))
 CD caused by different wavelengths travelling at different speed. (No

perfect laser - never 100% monochromatic)
Distance
Transmission starting Transmission ending

Chromatic
Dispersion
Blue Red
 CD limits the transmission speed and distance of the networks.

 CD is critical in bit rate of 10 Gbit/s per channel or higher.
Chromatic Dispersion
 Chromatic Dispersion is an intrinsic characteristic of the fiber which
does not vary after the fiber manufacture
G.652 : ~ 17 ps/(nm.km) at 1550 nm

G.653 : 0 ps/(nm.km) at 1550 nm
20 G.655 : ~4 ps/(nm.km) at 1550 nm
on)
e d Di spersi
U nshit
20 SMF (
Dispersion (ps/nm.km)
rd
10 6 52 S t an d a isp. SMF
Zero D
G
N on
G655
0 ed
n Shift
persio
G6 53 Dis
-10 SMF
-20 1200 1300 1400 1500  (nm)
 It is possible to compensate CD with a dispersion compensating fiber

(DCF). It is simply fibres with opposite chromatic dispersion value.
Polarization Mode Dispersion
 Instantaneous PMD varies with , time, T°, movement. PMD is not
intrinsic and requires statistical predictions as it fluctuates over the
network life cycle. Slow axis
Electric
Field
Vector
Optical
 PMD because the fiber is birefringent fiber Fast axis
– Two polarization modes at different speed
 PMD is caused by geometrical irregularities of theCladding

fiber Elliptical
– Elliptical Core stress eccentricity fiber design
– Assymetries
Fiber twist Fiber stress Fiber bend

 PMD depends on mechanical stress
– Bend and twist
Polarization Mode Dispersion
 Singlemode fiber is bimodal with respect to polarization. The difference
in propagation time between the two modes is the differential group
delay (DGD). PMD is the average value of the DGD along the length
v2 DGD
v1
 PMD is critical in bit rate of 10 Gbit/s per channel or higher. It is more
critical for old fibres.
1 1 0 1
1 1 0? 1
Fiber Characterization Measurements
 Insertion Loss
 Optical Return Loss
Insertion Loss
Single Direction Insertion Loss Measurement with a source and a power meter
Light Power
Source Meter 0dB
Reference Measurement
Light Power
Source Meter -1.5dB
Insertion Loss Measurement
Insertion Loss - LTS
Bi-directional Insertion Loss Measurement with a LTS
Reference Measurements
1 PM
LS
PM LS
2
Loss Measurements
LS
1 PM
PM LS
2
Insertion Loss – Bi-directional LTS
Bi-directional Insertion Loss Measurement with a Bi-directional LTS
References (loop-back)  Bi-directional Loss Test Set:

– Reduces operator errors
– Speeds up the measurement
LS/PM PM – Gives more accurate results
(average loss measurements)
PM LS/PM
Measurement
LS/PM PM
PM LS/PM
Optical Return Loss
PAPC PPC PAPC PAPC
Light Photo-
Source diode
PF PF PF
PT
PT: Output power of the light source
PAPC: Back-reflected power of APC connector
PT
ORL (dB) = 10.Log ( ) >0 PPC: Back-reflected power of PC connector
PB
PF: Backscattered power of fiber
PB: Total amount of back-reflected power
ORL Measurement Methods
Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer
Accuracy (typ.) ± 0.5dB
CW Stabilized
Typical - Total link ORL & isolated event
Light Source
Application reflectance measurements during
Coupler fiber installation &
commissioning
Termination Plug
Display
Strengths - Accuracy
Controller
- Fast & real time info

Process
Power Meter
- Simple & easy results (direct
value)
Weaknesses - No localization
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

Accuracy (typ.) ± 2dB
Pulsed Light Typical - Perfect tool for troubleshooting-

Source Application Spatial characterization of
Process Controller
reflective events & estimation of

Coupler the partial & total ORL
Display
Strengths - Locate reflective events

- Single-end measurement
Weaknesses - Accuracy
Photodetector - Long acquisition time
ORL Measurement - Connector
Connectors Return Loss

PC Min. 30dB
SPC Min. 40dB
UPC Min. 50dB
APC Min. 60dB
 The Return Loss Meter must be configured with an APC connector on

the output port to minimize the effects of internal reflections and to get
an accurate measurement.
Photodiodes
 Photodiodes: different spectral characteristics depending on the type of
semiconductor  different wavelength settings/calibration in power meter
S Si: Silicon
(A/W) Si InGaAs GE
GE: Germanium
InGaAs: Indium Gallium Arsenide
0.5
Values for temp = 0°C
Values for temp = 23°C
850 1310 1550 1625 (nm)
Si GE InGaAs
Meas. Range 600 - 1000 nm 850 - 1550 nm 1000 - 1650 nm
Characteristics Only for MM fibers For general use Recommended for
1625nm
Auto-Lamba & Triple Test
 Auto-Lamba
Continuous Modulated A modulation detection
1 f1 P Wave Signal setting allows a power
2 f2 meter to automatically
3dB detect the wavelength
n fn being transmitted by a
t
compatible source.
 Triple Test
 Triple test allows for simultaneous testing at up to 3 wavelengths


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Fiber Optic General Basics

 Communication technology, developed in the 70’s, that works by

Multimode Step Index (obsolete) Multimode Graded Index

 A single light ray (mode) is carried through the fiber.

End gaps cause loss problems

Physical Contact (PC) Connector:

Physical Contact Only a small amount of light

 The angle reduces the amount of light reflected at the connector

Angled Physical Contact (APC) Connector:

5° to 15° Angled Surfaces Contact

 PC: Physical Contact

2014 test adapters

 Precise fiber to fiber coupling (source, attenuator, OSA, OTDR)

2150 test adapters

 1.25 & 2.5 mm UPP (Universal Push Pull) adapters:

 A built in reflection trap in the adapters prevents multiple reflections

Characteristics LEDs Lasers

Current Drive Current: 50 to 100 mA Peak Threshold Current: 5 to 40 mA

Speed Slower Faster

Cost Low High

 LED: Light Emitting Diode

 LD: Laser Diode DFB: Distributed Feedback

 A photodetector/photodiode converts optical energy into electrical energy

Sensitive surface Photodiode

Optical Energy Electrical Energy

 Photodiode combined with one or several optical filters

Sensitive surface Photodiode

Optical Energy Electrical Energy

 Full wavelength scan in few seconds

 dBm Unit is Decibels relative to 1mW of Power

850 1300 1550

 Attenuation is expressed in dB/km.

 Scattering (Rayleigh) losses

 Material or Absorption losses

 Macro and Micro-bending losses

 Absorption: Light is absorbed due to chemical properties or natural

 Attenuation due to bending is greater at 1550nm than it is at 1310nm

850 1300 1550

 1383nm: high attenuation

 Low water peak fiber:

850 1300 1550

 CD caused by different wavelengths travelling at different speed. (No

Transmission starting Transmission ending

 CD limits the transmission speed and distance of the networks.

G.652 : ~ 17 ps/(nm.km) at 1550 nm

-20 1200 1300 1400 1500  (nm)

 It is possible to compensate CD with a dispersion compensating fiber

– Two polarization modes at different speed

 PMD is caused by geometrical irregularities of theCladding

Fiber twist Fiber stress Fiber bend

Bi-directional Insertion Loss Measurement with a LTS

Bi-directional Insertion Loss Measurement with a Bi-directional LTS

References (loop-back)  Bi-directional Loss Test Set:

PAPC PPC PAPC PAPC

- Fast & real time info

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

Pulsed Light Typical - Perfect tool for troubleshooting-

reflective events & estimation of

Strengths - Locate reflective events

Connectors Return Loss

 The Return Loss Meter must be configured with an APC connector on

Values for temp = 0°C

Values for temp = 23°C

850 1310 1550 1625 (nm)