PROCESSES IN

PLANTS AND
ANIMALS:
NUTRIENT PROCUREMENT
AND PROCESSING
ANIMAL NUTRITION
 SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the discussion, students will be able to :
1. Identify the nutritional requirements of animals.
2. Describe food uptake in cells via the three types of
endocytosis.
3. Explain the different types of animals based on the
feeding mechanisms.
4. Identify the different stages of food processing in
animals.
 CALORIE
is a unit of energy that indicates the
amount of energy contained in food.
specifically refers to the amount of heat
energy required to raise the temperature
of 1 kg (2.2 lb.) of water by 1oC (1.8oF).
 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF
ANIMALS
Carbohydrates
 serve as a major energy source for
the cells in the body. These are
usually obtained from grains, cereals,
breads, fruits, and vegetables.
 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF
ANIMALS
Proteins
 can also be used as an energy source but the
body mainly uses these as building materials for
cell structures and as enzymes, hormones, parts
of muscles, and bones. Proteins come from dairy
products, poultry, fish, meat, and grains.
 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF
ANIMALS
Fats
 are used to build cell membranes, steroid
hormones, and other cellular structures; also
used to insulate nervous tissue, and also serve
as an energy source. Fats also contain certain
fat- soluble vitamins that are important for
good health.
 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF
ANIMALS
Essential Nutrients
 include substances that animals can
only get from the foods they eat
because they could not be
synthesized inside the body.
Essential nutrients includes essential amino
acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins and
trace elements or minerals.
A. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
needed for synthesis of proteins and enzymes; among
the 20 amino acids, eight could not be synthesized by
humans: lysine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine,
phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine.
B. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
used for making special
membrane lipids; an
example is linoleic acid in
humans.
C. VITAMINS
organic molecules required in small
amounts for normal metabolism;
examples include fat-soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K, and water-
soluble Vitamins B, B2, B3, B12, C.
 D. TRACE ELEMENTS OR MINERALS
inorganic nutrients needed by the
body in minute amounts; these form
part of enzymes, body tissues, and
body fluids; examples include:
iodine, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum,
manganese, selenium.
 THREE TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
engulfment of organic
fragments or big particles, eg.
pseudopod formation in Amoeba
 THREE TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
uptake of extracellular fluid by a cell
using small vesicles derived from the
plasma membrane.
 THREE TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
this relies on membrane receptor
recognition of specific solutes which are
then taken up by the cell via receptor-
coated tips.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANIMALS
BASED ON FEEDING
MECHANISMS
SUBSTRATE-FEEDERS
animals that live in or on their food source.
Examples: earthworms that feed through
the soil where they live in; caterpillars that
eat through the leaves where they live on.
FILTER-FEEDERS
include many aquatic animals
which draw in water and strain
small organisms and food particles
present in the medium.
Examples: whales and coelenterates
FLUID-FEEDERS

suck fluids containing
nutrients from a living host.
Examples: mosquitoes, leeches,
head lice, and aphides.
BULK-FEEDERS
eat relatively large chunks of food and
have adaptations like jaws, teeth,
tentacles, claws, pincers, etc. that help
in securing the food and tearing it to
pieces. Examples: snakes, cats and
man.
 GENERALIZATION:
Proper nutrition is very important to
maintain healthy living. Food is any
substance which our body absorbs in
order for us to gain energy. It
provides us materials for growth,
maintenance and repair body tissues.
We need food for us to survive
because it is the food that serves as
source of energy (chemical energy)
that is required in life processes.
Thank you…