HOW CELLS READ THE GENOME :

FROM DNA TO PROTEIN

 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA

Cells produce several types of RNA:

m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA

 DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase

In bacteria:
One type of RNA polymerase

In eukaryotes:
Three types of RNA polymerase: RNA polymerase I,
II and III
The transcription cycle of bacterial RNA polymerase
(Bacterial)
 Initiation of transcription of a eukaryotic gene
by RNA polymerase II

TATA
 POLYMERASE II ALSO REQUİRES ACTİVATOR,
MEDIATOR AND CHROMATİN-MODIFYING PROTEINS
TRANSCRIPTION ELONGATION PRODUCES
SUPERHELICAL TENSION IN DNA

DNA gyrase (topoisomerase)

 TRANSCRIPTION ELONGATION IN
EUKARYOTES IS TIGHTLY COUPLED TO RNA
PROCESSING
THE «RNA FACTORY» CONCEPT FOR
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASE II
 RNA SPLICING

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING
ABNORMAL PROCESSING OF THE PRIMARY
RNA TRANSCRIPT
 FROM RNA TO PROTEIN

Code

Codon

Anti-codon
Original
T-RNA Molecules Match Amino Acids to
Codons in m-RNA