Kick Warning Signs

?What is a kick warning sign

:A warning sign tells you

The well may be

”Underbalanced“

Or

.There is a decrease in your safety margin

 Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg

Formation Pressure 9.0ppg

?What is happening
Drilling normally
pressured shale
Overbalance
 Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
As the formation pressure
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
gets closer to the mud
Pressure
weight, we will observe
and changes in;
Porosity
• ROP
Increasing
• Hole condition
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
• Gas levels
• Cuttings properties
• Mud properties
 Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increased drilling rate
’9850
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg 9.00
Increasing
Pressure
9.15 Drill Rate
and )ROP(
Porosity ’9855
Increasing 9.30
’9860
Geolograph Chart
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
 Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increased drill string
torque and drag
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg

Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing

Formation Pressure 10.0ppg

BIT
 Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Cuttings size & shape
Drilled cuttings
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg

Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing

Formation Pressure 10.0ppg

Cavings
 Warning Signs
Change in cutting size and shape

Normally pressured shale: cuttings Abnormally pressured shale:

are small with rounded edges, cutting are long and splintery with
.generally flat .angular edges
As differential between the pore pressure and bottom pressure is reduced, the
.cuttings have a tendency to “explode” of bottom

8
 Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Flowline Temperature

Formation Pressure 9.0ppg

Pressure
Normal
and
Pressure
Porosity
Increasing Abnormal
Pressure

Formation Pressure 10.0ppg Temperature Increase

 Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Background & connection
gas
5% 10%15%
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Hours
1.00 Background Gas
2.00
Pressure 3.00
4.00
and 5.00
Porosity 6.00
Hours
Increasing Connection Gas
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg
5.00
6.00
 Connection Gas
psi 3000
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control

Annulus
Pressure Loss
psi 250 =
ppg 11
mud

=BHP
psi 7114 Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
’12000
 Connection Gas
PSI Circulation Stopped
Formation Not Under Control

Annulus
Pressure Loss
psi 0 =
ppg 11
mud

=BHP
psi 6864 Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
’12000
Connection Gas
psi 3000
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control

Annulus
Pressure Loss
psi 250 =

=BHP
psi 7114 Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
 Connection Gas
psi 3000
PSI

Annulus
Pressure Loss Actions to take:
psi 250 =
•Increase mud weight.
•Control drilling.
=BHP
psi 7114 •Minimize the connection time.
Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
 Pressure Losses

Where does Pump Pressure value

??come from
 Total Pump Pressure

Surface Line friction =

PSI PSI

Drillstring friction = Total Pump Pressure

PSI

Bit (jet nozzle) friction =

PSI

Annulus friction =
PSI
 What Effects Pressure Loss

PSI PSI
SPM 30 SPM 50
 What Effects Pressure Loss

PSI PSI
SPM 30 SPM 30

ppg 15 ppg 10
 What Effects Pressure Loss

PSI PSI
SPM 50 SPM 50

Large nozzle Small nozzle

What Effects Pressure Loss

PSI PSI

Hole size
 What Effects Pressure Loss
PSI
SPM 30

• Annulus pressure
loss can be quite
small.
• 50 -300 psi
• This pressure acts
on hole wall and
bottom
• Increases with
 Effect on Bottom Hole Pressure
PSI
SPM 90

• If Annulus friction = 150 psi.

• Mud Weight = 11 ppg
• TVD = 8700 ft
• What is the pressure on the
bottom of the hole?

= (11 x .052 x 8700) + 150

= 5126 psi
Kick Indicators
 Kick Indicators
Gauge
on
Driller’s
Console

Paddle
 Kick Indicators
Gauge
on
Driller’s
Console

Paddle
 Kick Indicators
Formation fluid entering the
well will displace fluid out of Gauge
the hole, resulting in a gain in on
pit volume Driller’s
Console
:Flow – Pump Off Kick Indicators
 Trip Tank
Drop in Trip Tank Level

Trip Tank Level

No
rm
al D
rop
in Lev
el

Pump Stands Pulled

Trip Tank
 Kick Indicators
What are the indicators that the
well is flowing?
• Increase in Flow Rate
• Increase in Pit Level
•Well flows with pump is off

What Action Should Be

?Taken
.Shut In the Well
Top Hole Drilling
 The diverter system includes:
Flowline
Bell Nipple
• Diverter - a low pressure annular preventer
used to seal the wellbore from the flowline.

• Vent lines - large diameter piping used to Diverter

flow the fluids downwind of the rig (port Vent line Valves

and starboard).

• Vent line valves - full opening valves used to

select and isolate the desired vent line.
Vent lines Drive Pipe or
Conductor casing
• Hydraulic control system - functions the
diverter and automatically opens the
selected vent line valve.

Large diameter drive or conductor pipe is usually installed below the mud line for •
spudding in an offshore location and a casing string is set and cemented at shallow
depth for land locations. This pipe provides a seal capable of supporting the
hydrostatic of the mud column from the base of the casing to the flow nipple outlet.
.The diverter system is installed on the drive or conductor casing
The working pressure of the diverter and vent lines is not of prime importance, •
rather they are sized to permit high flow rate diversion of wellbore fluids while
.minimizing wellbore back pressure
Shallow Gas Blowout in the Gulf of Mexico
 Top Hole Drilling
Problems
• Shallow gas
– Can cause loss of rig due to explosion.
• Weak Formation
• Losing the hole
– Might require re-spudding in a slightly different
location
• Charged Formations
 Shallow Gas

What will happen as

the formation is
?penetrated
Shallow Gas
 Shallow gas
Top hole kick prevention:
• Drill pilot hole
• Be careful when hole opening
• Control drilling
• Keep hole clean
• Keep mud weights low to prevent losses
• Pump out of hole
Shut-In Procedures
Hard Shut-In While Drilling
Lined up with remote choke
closed
Pick up
Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing:
1. Close BOP
2. Open HCR (hydraulic stack
valve)
3. Keep remote chock closed
4. Line-up return flow to trip
tank
5. Record Pressure / Pit Gain
Soft Shut-In While Drilling
Lined up with remote choke
open
Pick up
Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing;
1. Open HCR
2. Close BOP*
3. Close remote choke
4. Line-up return flow to trip
tank
5. Record Pressure / Pit Gain
 Kicks While Tripping
What is different?
– String is open

• Valves and crossover required

• Safety Valves
– Full opening safety valve
– Non return valve
Full Opening Safety Valve

Kelly cock
 Non-Return Valve

Gray valve
IBOP
 Hard Shut-In While Tripping
Lined up with remote
choke closed
1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Close BOP*
4. Open HCR
5. Line up trip tank &
6. Record pressures
 Soft Shut-In While Tripping
Lined up with remote choke
open
1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Open HCR
4. Close BOP*
5. Close remote choke
6. Line up trip tank & Record
pressure
* API soft shut in for BOP
(either Ram or Annular )
 Diverting
Should only be considered on top hole where formation is
.weak

Stop drilling (keep pumping) -1

:Activate Diverter With One Button- this will -2
Open vent line -
Close flowline/shaker valve -
Close diverter -
Increase pump speed to maximum .3
Pump mud .4
If well is still flowing after mud is pumped, line up and .5
.pump water
 Shut In Practices
Conditions that delay shut in
• Flow/Pit Alarms are not set or working
• Drilling too far after drilling break
• Lack of “Shut In” Training
• Lack of Maintenance and Testing (PMS)
• Waiting for instructions ( Close well first, wait)
• Accumulator unit not working
• Not monitoring trips ( Monitoring is vital)