Structural Design

Subtitle
Structural Design Steps
• Structural Analysis
• Design of Members Section
• Detailing
Aim of Structural Design
• The primary objective of structural analysis and design is to
– Produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its
intended life.
Structural Design Process
• The analysis and design of concrete structures is essential a trial and error
process.
Buildings and Structures are expected to be
• Safe
• Secure
• Serviceable
• Reliable
• Protective
• Friendly
• Sustainable
• Affordable
Main Structural Concern
• Stability
• Strength
• Deformation
• Drift
• Ductility
• Energy Dissipation
• Motion Perception
Advantage of Code
• Client
– Is my building Safe?
– How long time the building will sustain?
– When will the damage Occur?

• Structural Engineer
– Not Sure, But I did follow the Code.

• Advantage
– When the Engineer will follow the code, he/she will sheltered by the code for any
accidental event.
Why Do the Building Structure Collapse

• Primarily designed and detailed for gravity loads

• The codes provisions may not be adequate
• Non-ductile detailing of reinforcement, both in columns and beams which can cause
many possible brittle failures.
• Dominated by strong beam-weak column behavior which can cause soft story
mechanism.
• The irregularities of the buildings which make it difficult to predict the behavior of
the buildings when subjected to earthquake.
• Most of the time, these irregularities make the seismic performance become worse.
Responsibility of Building Systems

• Client/Owner • General Building Code

• Architect • Structural Design Code
• Structural Engineer • Law Makers
• Geotechnical Engineer • Building Officials
• Reviewer • Legal and Justice Systems
• Builder / Contractor
Concern's
• Public
– Will the building be safe?

• Owner
– Will the building collapse/ will it be damaged ?
– Can I use the building after a given earthquake? (blast, hurricane..)
– How much will repair cost?
– How long will it take to repair?
– Can I make building that will not be damaged and will not collapse?

• Public Officials
– Who is responsible if loss of life occurs?

– Who should have all the answers?

Structural Engineer
• Can not answer most of the these questions explicitly
• Answers are always qualified
• There is no warranty for the structure
• There are too many unknowns
• Public understanding and engineers understanding of safety is different
• Has to hide behind the design codes
Wind and Earthquake Laod
High gravity stresses in the vertical elements • High base overturning
moment and foundation design (wind, seismic) • High shear capacity
needed near base (seismic) • Development of ductility in elements at the
base of structure under high compressive gravity stress (seismic) •
Controlling lateral accelerations (wind) • Controlling story drift (wind and
seismic) • Controlling damage so as to permit repair (seismic) • Ductile
energy dissipation mechanisms and preventing brittle failures (seismic)
Main concerns – Safety, Serviceability, Durability >> Collectively called “Performance”

• For effects of – Loads from self weight, occupants – Wind – Earthquake – Special loads
(blast, flooding, tsunami, hurricane, fire, ..)

• Some effects to be handled without damage, for some effects some damage may be
allowed
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