recap

 Native IE (when in most languages), Germanic OE as basis

 Nonce word > Neologism > obsolete or part of general lexis

 Mclanguage
 inloviduals (lovers living independently)
Terminology
2022
 TERMINOLOGY
 Snag; (party) whip

 Eiro, novads – rajons… celtnis krāns

 for translators and interpreters???

 link with lexicology, lexicography

 For terminology the concept is prior to the name and can be conceived of
independently
 lexicology is also more contextual.
 t is only specific fields
 t is more nouns
 users are limited
 terms can be normal words and very specific….
 specific
 Moon
 pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
 pneumo-no-ultra-micro-scopic-silico-volcano-coniosis

The longest word in the OED (45 letters, 19 syllables):

a pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of very fine silicate

or quartz dust
 Meningoencefalomieloradikuloneirīts (35 burti); nervu
iekaisums.
 Transmiokardlāzerrevaskularizācija (34 burti); paņēmiens
kardioloģijā.
 Zirgstīgstrinkšķināminstruments (31 burti)
 I want some SCREWS and NUTS
Bolt – bultskrūve
Wood screw – kokskrūve

Nut - uzgrieznis
Terminology

compiling, describing, processing and presenting of specific field terms in one or more
languages.

1. terminology of a subject field

2. science
3. practical work -- terminology management (deliberate manipulation of t., info) (like
quality management, info management) -- terminological commissions,
international organizations, companies.

Problems -- flexibility and variability of human language

asymmetry of words (under a million) and concepts (40 million scientific concepts)
communicative dimension (tool for users) and
linguistic dimension (target of work for terminologists).
Direct users are specialists, experts
Intermediaries, also users are translators.
Aims

-improve communication in subject spheres

-enhance precision do away with ambiguity
-manage enormous information amounts

 establish terms as standardized units, discard variants for the

same concept. Start by establishing a list of concepts…
 Started as a science in 1930ies Eugene Wuester
 the subject and methodology developed when there was a
need.
 Standardization, development of national languages, growth
of terms. Transfer of knowledge as a result of mass
communication, interaction between general and specialized
lexicons, growth of knowledge by masses.
Anatomy terms

• 1887 German Anatomy society plans to avoid unwelcome

synonymy.
• 30 000 terms used > 4500
• 1895 officially confirmed BNA (Basle Nomina Anatomica)
• Has been reviewed since then
Terminologists - problems

 Experts, principles
 Linguists, principles
 Linguists specializing in t.
 Branch experts, specialized translators
 Any translator, students, etc.
The Adélie penguin 
(Pygoscelis adeliae)
species of penguin common along the entire coast of
the Antarctic continent. It is the most widely spread penguin species
along with the emperor penguin. It is named after Adélie Land, in
turn named for Adèle Dumont d'Urville, the wife of French
explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville, who first discovered this penguin in
1840
 Adeles pingvīns jeb Adelijas pingvīns (Pygoscelis
adeliae) ir pingvīnu dzimtas putns, kas pieder otas astes
pingvīnu ģintij (Pygoscelis).

 Imperatorpingvīns (Aptenodytes forsteri) emperor

penguin 
 Tučňák císařský Czk.
 Adeliepinguin Ger.
 Tučňák kroužkový Czk.
 Adeliepingvin Dan.
Pygoscelis antarcticus

 Zodasiksnas pingvīns (Pygoscelis antarcticus)

 Chinstrap penguin, ringed penguin, bearded penguin,
stonecracker penguin
 Антарктический пингвин Ru.
 Manchot à jugulaire Fr. (chinstrap)
 Zügelpinguin, Kehlstreifpinguin  Ger. (Rein; Throat
strip)
 Antarktinis pingvinas Lith.
 Antarkta pingveno Esperanto
 Myssypingviini Fin. (hatted)
Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)

  
 cotton-top tamarin
 Lisztaffe  (composer)
 Sw Bomullshuvudtamarin
 Linnaeus Simia oedipus

 Edipa cekulainais
tamarīns 
Language

Special language ↔ general language

(LSP)
- unambiguous - ambiguous
- specific linguistic - general linguistic
properties properties
- restricted topic - unrestricted topic
- restricted number - unrestricted number
of users of users
schools/approaches

 Linguistic approach: Vienna school – scientists standardize – specialists themselves

are responsible for working out terminology.
Czech school - functionalist approach of Prague linguistics school – special languages
are special styles like journalese, conversational style…
Russian – multilingualism situation and standardization.

 Translation approach:
Canada, also international organizations – mainly compiling equivalent dictionaries,
looks at whole corpus, all spheres BUT translators make terms… act as
terminologists
accurate use of special language leads to productivity gains and cost reduction: 15% of
costs involved with localisation is due to “rework”, the bulk of which are problems
of terminological consistency (Lionbridge)

 Language planning approach:

work out national terminology, stabilize…Latvian TC – how and what
New ideas, criticism

 Socioterminological theory – language is broad,

different groups, different terms.
 Communicative theory Theresa Cabre. Terms are
used in communication. Concept is not
predominant, prescriptivism not good, oral
language.
 Sociocognitive theory Temmerman. Very critical,
English text use based
reasons

 New reality, items, ideas phenomena

 Conceptual change (hysteria)
 Dislike for existing term, PC...
Holocaust – shoah
Homosexual – gay
Illegal immigrant – undocumented immigrant
Skeptic, denier – doubter (climate change)
Process of term creation

 Knowing needs and existing resouces

 New terms
 Coordination
 Confirmation ...?
 Definitions....?
 Publishing, dissemination
 Approbation, changing the terms

 Knowing reality:: theory plosts dzēronis

 Classical work – slow, profound, systematic

 New needs – fast, often not professional
Term

 a word or a word group used to name a particular concept/notion of some special

field. A term is a linguistic denomination for a concept in a special language.

 Object -- reality outside language, physical, nonphysical, anything that can be

conceptualized
 Concept -- mental picture of an object
 Definition -- verbal description of a concept
 Term -- verbal representation of a concept
 Pyramid Triangle
 Concepts can change – clock, Pluto a planet, then not

 Sometimes no term (baby who does not speak)

 Sometimes no concept, no term (result of bad cooking)
 Sometimes no object, no term but concept (design)
 Sometimes a term, a concept, but no object (fruit)
term

The vocab of a specialized field as oposed to

general. no dividing line between general and
specialist vocabulary.
neon -- gas, neon signs. Word in general and in
linguistics.

 Terminology is onomasiological (naming aspect)

-- it starts with concept and looks for a name.
Lexicology is semasiological - starts with a
word, looks for a meaning.
Radio - possibilities

Ray-machine
Beam machine
Transmission receiver
Sound emission receiver
Receiver
Perceiver
Wireless
Mass telephone
Marco
TERM

 Terminology constitutes the greatest part of the

wordstock -- millions in English. Mainly nouns
80%, 10 % verbs, adjectives.
 compounds oxidation reduction, telephotocopy,
high vacuum electron beam fusion welding
in n+n the first element normally narrows and
specifies the term pipe -- exhaust pipe, heat of
passion
Lots of abbreviations,acronyms, set phrases Na, X-
ray, CT (computed tomography) gold and
foreign currency reserves, internal revenue
service
Terms should be (necessarily are
not)
 should correspond to the rules, norms of the language
 should be used systematically
 should define a concept
 should be accurate
 should be relatively independent from text
 should be brief (possibly) TRI NITRO PHENYL METHYL
NITRAMINE -- TNT, NATO
 should be monosematic hypnophobia - fear of sleep
 should be stylistically neutral war, EU, murder, orgasm
 should be euphonious foliomancy - divination by tea leaves
 should allow nice derivation diskdziņa skatrakums akis/kāsis,
kāsētājs
 once sth is accepted – rarely should we try to change it…
polysemy

Polysemy can be admitted if the same term has different

meanings in different sciences. Word, alphabet have
linguistic, mathematical meaning. Mouse has biological
and data processing meaning.
key – cartography – legend
music 3 different meanings.. scale keynote, etc

patient -in hospital -- those sick

-for GP all his patients
baby in nursery
in hospital
Synonymy

matter - substance (native - international)

water - H2O (term - symbol)

aspirin - acetysalicylic acid (trade name - scientific name)

common salt - sodium chloride (coll - sc. name)

FRUIT

In some cases, terms can only be understood with reference to the

subject field :
‘fruit’
biology
law, taxes: (Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893) )
 termīts1 ķīm. thermite, thermit
termīts2 zool. termite, white ant

drēbju pakaramais
 (piem., priekšnamā) (clothes-)rack, (clothes-)stand;
 (vadzis) (clothes-)peg;
 (pie apģērba) tab, hanger;
 (ieliekams) (clothes-)hanger, coat hanger;
Circumstantial in legal
terminology

 pointing indirectly towards someone's guilt but not

conclusively proving it.

 (of a description) containing full details.

Term creation/formation

Primary - when a new concept appears (1st language)

timeshare, embedded journalist, window, firewall
Secondary -- more rule dominated when take over from
another language, when change a term for the sake of
standardization.

Maidenhair (fern) > adiantpaparde

(Adiantum aleuticum subpumilum).
But… more complicated

 FR rat; grenadier

 EN rat-tail; grenadier

 DE Schwarzfleck-
Grenadierfisch

 LV melnplankumainā
makrūrzivs

 L Coelorhynchus
coelorhynchus
 Macrouridae
1. Use of existing resources -- telephone, motorcar meant much less in
the past, now wider range of products. finger, arm, nose, mouse
metaphors -- toothlike extension, mushroom ceiling, shell of the
house, tracer finger

2. Modify existing resources -- derivation, composition, compression,

conversion
rock tunnelling machine, fire resistant material., overpass,
underpass, to bandage, to standardize, reinforced concrete
underground construction

3. Neologisms
Latin and Greek -- can be hybrids, spread internationally. New languages
English fax from facsimile transmission. Borrowings --
internationalisms spread.
system

Terminology surpasses one language. There is a lot of coordination, databases,

translation dictionaries in this field.
National and international standards institutions work to achieve multilingual
equivalence.

 Terminography – bilingual, monolingual, multilingual dictionaries, SYSTEMATIZE

AND STANDARDIZE.
 systematic character diode, triode, tetrode, etc.
 derivatives so that can be made alcohol, ic, ism, ize
Latin or Greek endings get systematic
 femicide killing women
 homicide killing people
 patricide - killing father
 suicide oneself
 mariticide husband
 genocide racial political
INTERNATIONAL,
STANDARDIZATION
 Rather thematic than alphabetic. UNO, UNESCO, NATO, EU data
bases. terminology bureaux.
 Standardization -- eliminate unnecessary differences –
alleviate facilitate exchange, simplify, remove alternatives, apply!!!,
if not it is useless..

PINT
 British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 gills or
568.26 cubic centimeters
 (dry pint) United States dry unit equal to 0.5 quart or 33.6 cubic
inches
 US liquid unit equal to 16 fluid ounces; two pints equal one quart
Ton, tonne

 short ton, ton, net ton – US unit of weight equivalent to 2000

pounds
 long ton, ton, gross ton - British unit of weight equivalent to 2240
pounds

• metric ton, MT, tonne, t - unit of weight equivalent to 1000

kilograms
Standardization

butter, boat, recreational craft

 ISO International Standards Organization (1946
Geneva some 180 national committees), SI
symbols (never periods): l, m
 covers all except electrical and electronic – IEC
international Electrotechnical Commission (1904
Geneva E, Fr, Russian main languages)
 Some fields are very systematic -- medicine,
biology, chemistry - so they have very systematic
nomenclature. Nomenclature (call by name)
systems

binomial/nal Scientific system of naming animals and plants in Latin

(worked out by Linnaeus - Swede 18th century)
genus + species Homo sapiens (man wise epithet)
Rana vulgaris ( frog common)
 Taxonomy - science/study/methods of classifying terms, concepts,
objects
Trinomials in zoology + subspecies
 Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (from Neanderthal valley in
Germany)

 hyponym – subordinated hyperonym -- superordinated

 If I order a cup of coffee, I do not expect a cup of tea or milk or vine.

A cup of coffee is more rigorous than some terms of paintings, types
of chairs, -isms,
Terminologists:

register, define and interrelate concepts;

find (or create) and register the terms corresponding to
the concepts, interrelate the terms;
find and register illustrative contexts for terms;
take well-considered decisions and control quality at
each stage (sources, reliability).

Most of them do so for more than one language.

Teminography

terms must be collected from real texts not invented…

absence is a gap – can be filled
a society that creates terms can wait and see how they develop,
a society that imports them feels more like controlling them, otherwise
swamped ain foreign terms, structures…

 Process
locate a problem
find the term,
verify the term
verify all aspects of term correctness, meaning, usage suitability
 dictionary, - specialized dictionary – data banks, subject field expert –
review, retrieval,
The cost of not doing terminology

- considerable loss of time

- high risk of making errors
Case study:
Microsoft compared the investment made in a
termbank of 10 terms in 30 languages to the
costs related to not having such a termbank
(Lombard 2008)
investment: $ 1,566.00
cost of no terminology: $ 33,838.50
benefit from terminology: $ 32,272,50
Stable terms and new/nonce terms

There is by now broad consensus that asset purchases can support economic
growth and inflation in three main ways; first, through the market stabilisation
channel, by which asset purchases provide liquidity when there are deep
dislocations in financial markets; second, through the portfolio rebalancing
channel, by which asset purchases reduce the aggregate amount of duration
risk to be held by price-sensitive investors, inducing a shift into other, riskier
assets in the economy and thereby supporting their value; and, third, through
the signalling channel, by which asset purchases signal the intention of central
banks to keep policy rates lower for longer. I argue that the pandemic
emergency purchase programme (PEPP) prevented the collapse of the
financial system when the pandemic shock hit our economies and the outlook
was at its darkest. (2021)
 termini.gov.lv
 VVC
 Tilde
 Letonika
 Linguee, Mymemory, Glosbe…
 IATE
IATE has 8.4 million terms including approximately 540 000
abbreviations and 130 000 phrases, and covers all 24 official EU
languages. Latvian 50 000 (2018)

1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
fr en de it nl es da pt el fi sv la pl lt hu ga cs sl sk et lv bg ro mt
IATE

 Alaska deep sea crab

 Japanese crab king
Fr. crabe royal du Kamchatka

 Antarctic King crab

Sp. centolla redonda
Fr.crabe royal de l'Antarctique
IATE

 king crab
Sp. cangrejo japonés
Fr. crabe royal
It. granchio reale

 Southern king crab

Fr. crabe royal antarctique
IATE

 Murray king crab

 Subantarctic stone crab

Fr. crabe royal subantarctique

Fr. crabe royal de Murray

 stone king crab

G. Nördliche Steinkrabbe
Sp. centolla de roca
Fr. crabe royal de roche
It. granchio reale
IATE

 narrow-barred Spanish mackerel

 narrow-barred king mackerel

G. Spanische Makrele
Indische Königsmakrele
Sp. carite estriado
Fr. thazard de Commerson
It. maccarello reale
Termini.lv
Swimwear - peldkostīms, peldbikses
 Swimwear, bathing suits, beachwear, beach coverups and
sarongs

 Peldkostīmi, peldkostīmi, pludmales tērpi, pludmales

apmetņi un sarongas
Veids stils

 Sacensības peldēšanā notiek četros veidos: brīvajā stilā,

uz muguras, brasā un tauriņstilā

 swimming-strokes, like the frontcrawl, backcrawl, breaststroke,

the butterfly stroke (or dolphin stroke).
Wind farm

 Wind farm > vēja parks>vējparks

 Offshore wf > jūras…
 Onshore wf > sauszemes, piekrastes

 atkrastes
vadītāja stieples cilpa
a. conductor loop
K. Timmermanis: skaidrojumā runāts par inteliģento gaismu, bet tur jābūt viedapgaismei. Man nepatīk
piedāvātais termins vadītāja stieples cilpa, es ieteiktu variantu signālcilpa, bet nezinu, vai tas ir labāks.
M. Baltiņš: ja šajā kontekstā runā par vadītāju, tad rodas asociācijas ar transportlīdzekļa vadītāju.
K. Timmermanis: vada signālcilpa.
E. Cauna: mūsu termins sanāk ļoti vispārīgs –visiem trauksmes gadījumiem.
K. Timmermanis: vācieši ir novienkāršojuši terminu uz vada cilpa.
D. Šostaka: vadcilpa.
E. Cauna: ja tas ir noslēgts kontūrs, vai vajag vārdu cilpa?
K. Timmermanis: kontūrs būtu pareizi elektrotehnikā, bet arī terminu vadu cilpa lieto plaši.
A. Amolinš; bet šeit ir būtiska tā pārraušana. Neviens no piedāvātajiem variantiem neizsaka termina būtība.
E. C: vadītājkontūrs vienā vārdā. Vai arī signālkontūrs vai varbūt pat signācilpa.
J. G. Pommers: ierosinu šoreiz šo terminu atlikt.
TK vienojas pagaidām atlikt šā termina izskatīšanu.
 par termina jet lag atbilsmi latviešu valodā.
 A. Amoliņš: latviešu valodā ir doti tikai skaidrojumi, arī daudzās citās valodās ir līdzīgi.
 M. Baldunčiks: viens variants ir lidojuma laiknobīde.
 E. Cauna: to var pārprast, pieņemot, ka ir pārcelts lidojuma laiks.
 I. Brīvers: pārlidojuma nogurums, jo tad var uzsvērt nogurumu.
 M. Baltiņš: pamatesence ir laiknobīde. Man patīk vārds nobīde, jo ar to pašu apzīmē fāžu nobīdi un elektronu nobīdi dziļākos procesos, kur ir tieši šī
nobīde.
 J. Baldunčiks: laikjoslu sindroms.
 D. Šostaka: diennakts ritma nobīde.
 I. Brīvers: pārlidojuma laiknobīdes nogurums.
 E. Cauna: noguruma vietā labāk ietekme – laika joslu ietekme.
 M. Baltiņš: bet tā nepasaka, ka ir šī nobīde. Skaidrs, ka laika joslas eksistē, tas ir objektīvs fenomens.
 A. Lauzis: laiknobīde arī neuzsver apmērus.
 E. Cauna: laiks jau nenobīdās, mainās laika josla. Laika joslai jābūt pamatā.
 A. Amoliņš: ja no ierosinātajiem, tad es izvēlētos diennakts ritma izjaukšana.
 M. Baltiņš: ja sākat strādāt naktsmaiņu, tad arī būs izjaukts diennakts ritms, nekur nebraucot.
 A. Amoliņš: spāņiem ir descompensación.
 M. Baltiņš: medicīnā ir sirds dekompensācija, kas ir ar nopietnām sekām. Drīzāk dezadaptācija – laika joslu dezadaptācija vai pārlidojuma
dezapdatācija.
 J. Baldunčiks: pārlidojums var būt arī uz Viļņu. Bez laika joslām mēs nevaram šeit nevaram iztikt.
 M. Baltiņš: faktiski tā ir laikjoslas maiņa.
 A. Lauzis: noteikti jālieto vienskaitlī – laika joslas maiņa, jo, kad mainās ātrums, mēs arī nesakām, ka mainās ātrumi.
 TK pagaidām atliek šā termina izskatīšanu.
 Foto: Hercogienes Katrīna un Megana žilbina 'Krāsu maršā’

 Stencil trafarets, šablons

 stensilmāksla?
v

 Tickler – reģeneratīvā uztvērēja atgriezeniskās saites spole

 Pigtail - spraudņauka
ambiguity

Partnership
laikot

Skaties uz stūri!

Svārki – vīriešu, sieviešu

cleaner

 1. cleansing agent, cleanser, cleaner - a preparation used in cleaning

something

 2. cleaner, dry cleaner - the operator of dry-cleaning establishment

 3. cleaner - someone whose occupation is cleaning

 tīrītājs 1. (persona) cleaner; sweeper; apavu t. – shoeblack, bootblack; 2. (mehānisms)

cleaner; sniega t. – snow clearer/remover; snow plow; (auto) stikla t. – wiper; 3. (viela)
cleanser; traipu t. - stain remover

 Cleaners not to be used. ??????

Machine translation

 If the translator is a man He translates

 If the translator is a woman She translates
 If the translator is a computer It translates
 If the translator is either a man or a woman
S/He translates
 If the translator is either a man or a woman or
a comp S/H/IT translates