Understanding

Culture,
Society, and
Politics
AGENDA
• SOCIAL GROUPS
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSITUTIONS
⚬ KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND HOUSEHOLD
⚬ POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
⚬ EDUCATION
⚬ RELIGION
⚬ HEALTH
SOCIAL
GROUPS
SOCIAL GROUPS
A social group consists
of two or more people
who regularly interact on
the basis of mutual
expectations and who
share a common identity
SOCIAL GROUPS
It is important here to distinguish social
groups from two related concepts: social
categories and social aggregates.
• A social category is a collection of
individuals who have at least one
attribute in common but otherwise do
not necessarily interact.
SOCIAL GROUPS
• Social aggregate, which is a
collection of people who are in the
same place at the same time but who
otherwise do not necessarily interact,
except in the most superficial of
ways, or have anything else in
common.
 SOCIAL GROUPS I PRIMARY
GROUPS
• Primary Groups
• usually small, is characterized by
extensive interaction and strong
emotional ties, and endures over time.
• first groups we belong to and because
they are so important for social life.
 SOCIAL GROUPS I SECONDARY
GROUPS
2. Secondary Groups
• groups that are larger and more
impersonal and exist, often for a
relatively short time, to achieve a
specific purpose.
• emotional ties and intensity of
interaction generally remain much
weaker than in primary groups.
 SOCIAL GROUPS I IN AND OUT
GROUPS
3. IN-Groups
• Members of primary and some
secondary groups feel loyal to
those groups and take pride in
belonging to them. We call such
groups in-groups.
 SOCIAL GROUPS I IN AND OUT
GROUPS
4. OUT-Groups
• Members of an in-group often end
up competing with members of
another group for various kinds of
rewards. This other group is called
an out-group.
 SOCIAL GROUPS I REFERENCE
GROUPS
5. Reference Groups
• reference groups or groups that set a
standard for guiding our own behavior
and attitudes
• some of our reference groups are groups
to which we do not belong but to which
we nonetheless want to belong
 SOCIAL GROUPS I NETWORKS

6. Social Networks
• the totality of relationships that link us to
other people and groups and through
them to still other people and groups.
• some of these relationships involve
strong bonds, while other relationships
involve weak bonds
AGENDA
SOCIAL GROUPS
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSITUTIONS
⚬ KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND HOUSEHOLD
⚬ POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
⚬ EDUCATION
⚬ RELIGION
⚬ HEALTH
CULTURAL,
SOCIAL, AND
POLITICAL
INSTITUTION
S
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I
KINSHIP

KINSHIP
• Kinship is a social institution that
refers to relations formed between
members of society
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP
BY BLOOD

KINSHIP BY BLOOD
• Kinship by blood or consanguineal kinship is
considered as the most basic and general form of
relations. The relationship is achieved by birth
or blood affinity.
• Descent - biological relationship
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP
BY BLOOD

KINSHIP BY BLOOD
• Descent - refers to biological relationship;
individual's child or offspring
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP
BY BLOOD

KINSHIP BY BLOOD
• Unilineal Descent - trace through a single of
ancestor from either male or female
1. Patrilineal - father's side
2. Matrilineal - mother's side
3. Bilateral - both parents
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP
BY MARRIAGE

KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE
• Kinship by marriage or affinal kinship refers
to the type of relations developed when a
marriage occurs. This is forged by marriage
alliances.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE

KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE
Different forms of marriages:
• Monogamy - marriage of one female to one
male
• Polygamy - marriage between a person of one
sex and a minimum of two persons of the other
sex
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE

KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE
Polygamy
⚬ Polyandry - marriage of one woman to
two or more men
⚬ Polygyny - marriage of one man to two or
more women
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE

KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE
Marriages Across Cultures
⚬ Endogamy - people marry within their
own groups; such as their race, tribe, and
social status
⚬ Exogamy - people marry outside their
groups
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE

KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE
Post-marital Residency Rules
• Neolocal - the couple resides in a new place,
independent from the parents
• Bilocal - resides alternately with either of their
parents
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE

KINSHIP BY
MARRIAGE
Post-marital Residency Rules
• Patrilocal - married couple resides with or
near the parents of the husband
• Matrilocal - married couple resides with or
near the parents of the wife
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP BY
RITUAL

KINSHIP BY RITUAL
Kinship by Ritual or Compadrazgo
(godparentshood) ritualized form of forging
co-parenthood or family. Done through
baptism, confirmation, or marriage.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I FAMILY AND THE
HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY AND THE

HOUSEHOLD
• Family is the basic unit of social
organization where a group of individuals
are linked together by marriage, blood
relations, or adoption.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I FAMILY AND THE
HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY AND THE

HOUSEHOLD
• Nuclear Family is made of married
couple (parents) and their biological or
adopted children.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I FAMILY AND THE
HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY AND THE

HOUSEHOLD
• Extended Family is composed of two or
more nuclear families living in the
household.
• Expanded household composed of three
or more generations
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I FAMILY AND THE
HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY AND THE

HOUSEHOLD
• Blended Family is where both the parents
have children from previous marital
relationships but all members stay in one
household to form a new family.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I FAMILY AND THE
HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY AND THE

HOUSEHOLD
• Conditionally Separated Family is where
a member is separated from the rest of
the family due to employment , military
service, sickness, etc.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I FAMILY AND THE
HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY AND THE

HOUSEHOLD
• Transnational Family is a type of family
who lives in more than one country due
to employment or military service of
parents.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP OF
POLITICS

POLITICAL DYNASTIES
AND ALLIANCES
• Political Dynasties refers to family
members who are involved in politics for
several generations. Most politicians
elected in public offices and government
are relatives.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP OF
POLITICS

POLITICAL DYNASTIES
AND ALLIANCES
• Political Alliances where political parties
tend to align or agree to cooperate to each
other for common political agenda; to win
the election or to pass a certain
legislation/laws
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I KINSHIP OF
POLITICS

POLITICAL DYNASTIES
AND ALLIANCES
• Political Alliances where political parties
tend to align or agree to cooperate to each
other for common political agenda; to win
the election or to pass a certain
legislation/laws
AGENDA
SOCIAL GROUPS
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSITUTIONS
⚬ KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND HOUSEHOLD
⚬ POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
⚬ EDUCATION
⚬ RELIGION
⚬ HEALTH
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
• Band
⚬ usually small, formed by several families
living together; oftentimes moving from
one place to another to search for food
⚬ however status differences based on gender
and age is well-defined
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
• Tribe
⚬ more complex and larger than a band
⚬ shift from basic to a more complex and
multiple ways of living
⚬ organized through a pantribal associations in
the form of councils, tribal leaders, elders,
etc.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
• Chiefdom
⚬ more defined political organization
⚬ have permanent, fulltime leader with real
authority to make major decisions which are
referred to as "chief"
⚬ leadership exists and power resides solely on
the members of a selected family
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
• States
⚬ community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government of
their own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
• Nation
⚬ The word “nation” can also refer to a
group of people who share a history,
traditions, culture and, often, language
—even if the group does not have a
country of its own.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I AUTHORITY AND
LEGITIMACY

AUTHORITY AND
LEGITIMACY
• Authority
⚬ the right to command
⚬ observed when an individual has a
command to make a person do
things
⚬ power
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I AUTHORITY AND
LEGITIMACY

AUTHORITY AND
LEGITIMACY
• Legitimacy
⚬ a value whereby something or
someone is recognized and
accepted as right and proper.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I AUTHORITY AND
LEGITIMACY

AUTHORITY AND
LEGITIMACY
Max Weber's Types of Authority
AGENDA
SOCIAL GROUPS
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSITUTIONS
⚬ KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND HOUSEHOLD
⚬ POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
⚬ EDUCATION
⚬ RELIGION
⚬ HEALTH
EDUCATION
EDUCATION I FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN SOCIETY (FORMAL AND
NONFORMAL)

EDUCATION
• Formal Education
⚬ learning of academic facts and concepts
through a formal curriculum
• Informal Education
⚬ learning about cultural values, norms,
and expected behaviors by participating
in society
EDUCATION I FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN SOCIETY (FORMAL AND
NONFORMAL)

EDUCATION
• can be defined as a social institution utilized
by the society to provide its members
necessary information, instruction,
knowledge of facts, cultural norms and
values and skills needed to secure a job or
career
EDUCATION I FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN SOCIETY

EDUCATION
• Socialization
⚬ school is an agent of socialization
⚬ schools are venues for learning culture
and some of its elements such as
language and conventional methods.
EDUCATION I FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN SOCIETY

EDUCATION
• Social Integration
⚬ a community where many people who
exhibit diverse cultural orientation come and
interact with each other
⚬ people possessing different cultures and
ideas meet, interact and learn from each
other.
EDUCATION I FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN SOCIETY

EDUCATION
• Cultural Innovation
⚬ school is an academic institution of
learning and research
⚬ advances in different fields paved the way
to development in society
⚬ culture is innovated because of schooling
EDUCATION I FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN SOCIETY

EDUCATION
• Social Displacement
⚬ school is a place where dreams come
true
⚬ with education people can direct their
own social mobility and economic
status upwards
EDUCATION I PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY

EDUCATION
PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY
• A good citizen is someone who would
without a doubt serve their society.
• A good citizen is someone who is an active
member of the community
EDUCATION I PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY

EDUCATION
PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY
• Education is considered as the pre-requisite
to a productive citizen as education helps
citizens weigh out varying opinions and
ideologies and decide which is the best for
the society
EDUCATION I SELF-ACTUALIZATION

EDUCATION
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
• Abraham Maslow states that a
person who reach the self-
actualization level is more
focus on concerns outside of
themselves like of the society
EDUCATION I SELF-ACTUALIZATION

EDUCATION
PRIMARY EDUCATION AS HUMAN RIGHT
AGENDA
SOCIAL GROUPS
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSITUTIONS
⚬ KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND HOUSEHOLD
⚬ POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
⚬ EDUCATION
⚬ RELIGION
⚬ HEALTH
RELIGION
RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS I ANIMISM

RELIGION
ANIMISM
⚬ the belief that all natural phenomena, including
human beings, animals, and plants, but also
rocks, lakes, mountains, weather, and so on,
share one vital quality—the soul or spirit that
energizes them—is at the core of most Arctic
belief systems.
RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS I POLYTHEISM

RELIGION
POLYTHEISM
⚬ the belief in many gods. Polytheism
characterizes virtually all religions other
than Judaism, Christianity, and Islam,
which share a common tradition of
monotheism, the belief in one God.
RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS I MONOTHEISM

RELIGION
MONOTHEISM
⚬ is the belief in a single all-powerful
god, as opposed to religions that believe
in multiple gods.
⚬ Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are
widely practiced forms of monotheism.
RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS I INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION

RELIGION
INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION
⚬ also called as organized religion in
which belief systems and rituals are
arrange systematically and formally
established
RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS I INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION

RELIGION
CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION
• Wide-scale religious clout
• Hierarchical leadership and membership
• Codified rituals
RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEMS I SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

RELIGION
SEPARATE OF CHURCH AND STATE
AGENDA
SOCIAL GROUPS
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSITUTIONS
⚬ KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND HOUSEHOLD
⚬ POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
⚬ EDUCATION
⚬ RELIGION
⚬ HEALTH
HEALTH
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
• the state of complete physical, mental and social well
being.

HEALTH DOMAINS:
a. Physical health
b. Psychological health
c. Emotional health
d. Social health
e. Spiritual health
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
PHYSICAL HEALTH
• refers to the way that your body functions.
This includes eating right, getting regular
exercise and being at your recommended
body weight. It is also avoiding vices, and
being free of disease and sickness.
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
• It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also
helps determine how we handle stress, relate
to others, and make healthy choices
• important at every stage of life, from
childhood and adolescence through
adulthood.
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
• is expressing your emotions in a positive and
non- destructive way.
SOCIAL HEALTH
• is the quality of your relationships with family,
friends, teachers and classmates and others the
child is in contact with.
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
• refers to maintaining harmonious
relationships with other living things
and having spiritual direction and
purpose.
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
CULTURE-BOUND ILLNESS
• exist only in their cultures because their existence have a
strong relationship with their etiology.
• Individual cases of culture-specific illnesses are
connected with wider concerns—for example, a patient’s
relationship with the community, the supernatural
forces, or social conflicts that are patterned in culture
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
In the Philippines setting, many medical-
related terms have been developed
throughout his country’s history.
a. Bughat
b. Usog
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
BUGHAT
• originated from Cebu, commonly known as “
binat” among Filipinos is the relapse of the body’s
system after it has healed from sickness. - Is
described as something that happens to a person
that has recently healed from sickness but then
shortly gets sick again after.
HEALTH I CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

HEALTH
USOG
• usually happens to young children - happens when an unsuspecting
stranger greets you with an evil eye.
• symptoms of usog are usually a development of fever and sometimes
convulsions.
• cause by a distressed in the child with the visitor in his/ her house. -
The theory states that the stranger inside the child’s house may cause
distress and fear within a child. - Thus, the child is overpowered or
nauusog by the stranger and may feel afraid or get sick.
HEALTH I MEDICAL PLURALISM

HEALTH
MEDICAL PLURALISM
• describes the availability of different medical
approaches, treatments, and institutions that
people can use while pursuing health: for example,
combining biomedicine with so-called traditional
medicine or alternative medicine.
HEALTH I SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND HEALING

HEALTH
SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS,
PREVENTION AND HEALING
• TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND
HEALING TREATMENT
• WESTERN MEDICINE
• ALTERNATIVE HEALING
HEALTH I SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND HEALING

HEALTH
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HEALING
TREATMENT
• the sum total of the knowledge, skills and practices
based on the theories, beliefs and experiences
indigenous to different cultures, weather explicable or
not used in the maintenance of health as well as in the
prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of
physical and mental illness.
HEALTH I SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND HEALING

HEALTH
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HEALING
TREATMENT
Example of traditional healings include:
a. acupuncture
b. herbalism
c. use of Chinese medicine
d. rubs
HEALTH I SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND HEALING

HEALTH
WESTERN MEDICINE
• is the modern day practices of the medical world and are
typically referred to as medical science. Western
medicine and treatment is usually done by a doctor,
nurse and other conventional healthcare provider. Their
practices and methods are of western medical and
scientific teachings and traditions. (e.g. surgery)
HEALTH I SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND HEALING

HEALTH
ALTERNATIVE HEALING
• a healing practice that has the effect of medicine but does
not necessarily originate from medical practice, or a
scientific method. It consists of a wide range of healing
practices health, care, therapies and the like. These
alternative healings are not backed-up by scientific facts
but has still proven successful in healing illnesses and
psychological strains.
HEALTH I HEALTH IS A HUMAN RIGHT

HEALTH
HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT
• Health is a fundamental human right
indispensable for the exercise of other human
rights. Every human being is entitled to the
enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of
health conducive to living a life in dignity.
HEALTH I HEALTH IS A HUMAN RIGHT

HEALTH
ARTICLE 13 OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
AGENDA
SOCIAL GROUPS
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INSITUTIONS
⚬ KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND HOUSEHOLD
⚬ POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
⚬ EDUCATION
⚬ RELIGION
⚬ HEALTH
 THIS WILL BE THE COVERAGE
FOR THE SECOND MIDTERM
EXAMINATION.
REST ASSURED THAT I WILL
ENTERTAIN QUESTIONS
REGARDING THE LESSON SINCE
WE DIDN'T HAVE THE CHANCE
TO DISCUSS IT PERSONALLY.
Activity #2:
Create a synthesis of the lesson
from Political Leadership
Structures to Health.
Activity #3: Answer substantially.
1. How important is cultural relativism in
understanding medical pluralism in the
Philippines and in other countries who use
more than one way of treating or healing
illnesses/diseases?
2. How does your social groups influence or
contribute to your mentality and behavior?
Note:
1. Activities to be written in big notebook.
2. All activities must be submitted during
examination. NO CONSIDERATION.
3. Plagiarism and cheating students will
receive sanctions.
4. Review your lessons.
5. BEST OF LUCK, STUDENTS.