THE GRATICULE

PROJECTION: Representation of Meridians and Parallels

on a Plane Sheet
 DEVELOPABLE
SURFACE
REDUCED EARTH
In Ratio to
Actual Earth

OPTICAL or GEOMETRICAL PROCESS

Light Source
 REDUCED EARTH
and
DEVELOPABLE SURFACE
 .
DEVELOPABLE
SURFACE

REDUCED EARTH in
Ratio to Actual Earth .

.
 .
.
DEVELOPABLE
SURFACE

REDUCED EARTH in
Ratio to Actual Earth . .

. .

.
.

. .
 . .
DEVELOPABLE
SURFACE

REDUCED EARTH in
Ratio to Actual Earth . .

. .

. .

. .
CYLINDRICAL CONICAL AZIMUTHAL

TRUE or PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS

NORMAL TRANSVERSE OBLIQUE

ALL ARE CYLINDRICAL TRUE PROJECTIONS

POLAR TRANSVERSE OBLIQUE

ALL are AZIMUTHAL or GNOMONIC PROJECTIONS

ALL PROJECTIONS BASICALLY CONIC
 Requirement of Correct Direction (Angles)

Conformal Chart: Reasonable Shape

Non-Conformal : Traffic Guide Map
SIDs and STARs

Conformal : Mercator’s Chart

Lambert’s Chart
Polar Stereographic

CONDITIONS of CONFORMALITY
1. Meridians and Parallels Cut at 90°

2. Same Scale at Any Point, Not Necessarily Correct

in All Directions
 On REDUCED EARTH

Non- Conformal Non- Conformal

Conformal Conformal

On CHART
Radius 6375 km

Reduced Earth
Radius 6375 mm
SCALE = RE Length / Earth Dist in Same Units
= 6375 / 6375 x 1000 x 1000
= 1 / 1,000,000
= 1: 1,000,000 or ONE MILLION
 REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF)
1/ 250,000 or 1: 250,000
STATEMENT IN WORDS
One Inch to 30 Nm ; One Cm to 25 Km

GRADUATED SCALE LINE

16
10 5 0 10
Kilometres
14
10 5 0 5 10
Nautical Miles

10 5 0 5 10
Statute Miles

GRADUATED SCALE LINES

(Open and Divided Scales)
 GRADUATED VARIABLE SCALE LINES
(LATITUDE SCALE)

30°

35°

40°
100 50 0 Scale of Nautical Miles 100

VARIABLE SCALE LINES

 A. Ten Million B. 1 : 300 000

1 : 10 000 000

SMALLER DENOMINATOR => LARGER SCALE

C. One Inch to One NM

1 : 72 960
REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF)

LARGE vs SMALL SCALE

CONSTANT SCALE
AT A POINT
ALONG A LINE

DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
SCALE RULERS
For Constant Scale Projections

LATITUDE SCALE (Along Meridian)

For Variable Scale projections
 REDUCED
EARTH
CHART

SF= Chart Length / Equivalent RE Length

Stated Scale x SF= Scale at a Point

SCALE VARIATION: an expression (Secant Lat)

Scale Constant and Correct *

Parallels and Meridians Cut at 90° (Co-ord Extraction)

Angles and Bearings Correct
Shapes and Areas Correctly Represented *

Rhumb Line - a Straight Line

Great Circle - a Straight Line

Adjacent Sheets Fit

World-wide Coverage
* Not Achievable together on Plane Surface
Contours and Form Lines
CONTOUR LINES REPRESENT CHANGES IN HEIGHT amsl
DOTTED FORM LINES REPRESENT APPROXIMATE CONTOURS
Contours and Form Lines

Spot Heights or Depths

Layer Tints
LAYER TINTS
Contours and Form Lines

Spot Heights or Depths

Layer Tints

Hachures
Contours and Form Lines

Spot Heights or Depths

Layer Tints

Hachures

Hill Shading
HILL SHADING
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

a. UNLIGHTED Obstacle

b. LIGHTED Obstacle

c. Group of UNLIGHTED Obstacles

d. Group of LIGHTED Obstacles

SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

a. Exceptionally High Unlighted Obstacle

b. Exceptionally High Lighted Obstacle

c. GROUND LIGHT

d. LIGHT Ship
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

a. Basic Non-specified Aid

b. NDB (Non-DIRECTIONAL BEACON)

c. Non-Compulsory Reporting Point

d. Compulsory Reporting Point

SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

a. Control Zone Boundary

b. FIR (Flight Information

Region) Boundary

c. Not specified

d. Boundary of Advisory
Space
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

a. DME

b. TACAN

c. VORTAC

d. VOR/DME
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
SYMBOLS USED ON AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
CHART SYMBOLS (INDIA)

Civil Aerodrome (Land)

Military Aerodrome (Land)

Joint Civil/ Military Aerodrome (Land)

Emergency Aerodrome or Aerodrome with No Facility

Abandoned or Closed Aerodrome (Land)

Heliport

Aerodrome affecting the traffic pattern on the

aerodrome on which the procedure is based

The Aerodrome on which the procedure is based.

CHART SYMBOLS (INDIA)

Aerodrome Reference Point

VOR Check Point

Runway Visual Range Observation Site

Point Light

Obstacle Light

Landing Direction Indicator (Lighted)

Landing Direction Indicator (Unlighted)

Stop Bar

Common Boundary of Two areas

CHART SYMBOLS (INDIA)

Isogonal or Isogonic Line

Prominent Transmission Lines

Transmission Line or Overhead Cable

Fly-Over Way Point

Fly-By Way Point

Compulsory Reporting Point

On-request Reporting Point
Compulsory ATS/MET Reporting Point
On-request ATS/ MET Reporting Point