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Fundamentals of the
Clinical Laboratory
Medical Laboratory Science Program
College of Allied Medical Professions
Lyceum of the Philippines University - Batangas
 Getting to Know the Clinical
Laboratory
▪ Clinical Laboratory
▪ Working place of medical laboratory scientists
▪ A facility where tests are done on specimens
from the human body to obtain information
about the health status of a patient for the
prevention, diagnosis and treatment of
diseases.
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
A. Based on Ownership
1. Government-Owned Clinical Laboratory
- operated and maintained partially or wholly by
the national government, a local government unit
(provincial, city or municipal) or any other political unit
or department
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
A. Based on Ownership
2. Privately-Owned Clinical Laboratory
- owned, established and operated by any private
individual, corporation, association or organization
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines

B. Based on Functions
1. Clinical Pathology
◻ Diagnosis of disease through the laboratory
analysis of bodily fluids and/or tissues
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines

B. Based on Functions
2. Anatomic Pathology
◻ Diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory
analysis of organs and tissues
 PATHOLOGY
DEPT.
ANATOMICAL CLINICAL
PATHOLOGY PATHOLOGY
Clinical Chemistry and
Morgue/Autopsy Clinical Microscopy Lab

Histopathology Lab Hematology Lab

Cytology Lab Immunology Lab

Surgical Pathology Blood Bank/

Immunohematology
Forensic & Molecular Clin Microbiology Lab
Pathology
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
C. Based on Institutional Character

1. Institution-Based
- a laboratory that operates within the premises of an
institution such as hospital, medical clinic, school,
medical facility for overseas workers and seafarers,
birthing homes, psychiatric facility and drug
rehabilitation center
2. Free-Standing
- a laboratory that does not form any part of any other
institution
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
D. Based on Service Capability
1. General Clinical Laboratory
a. Primary Category
- provides minimum service capabilities
namely:
▪ Routine Hematology
▪ Qualitative Platelet Determination
▪ Routine Urinalysis and Fecalysis
▪ Blood Typing (hospital-based)
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
D. Based on Service Capability
1. General Clinical Laboratory
b. Secondary Category
- provides all tests conducted by primary category
plus:
▪ Routine Clinical Chemistry
▪ Quantitative Platelet Determination
▪ Cross-matching (hospital-based)
▪ Gram staining (hospital-based)
▪ KOH test (hospital-based)
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
D. Based on Service Capability
1. General Clinical Laboratory
c. Tertiary Category
- provides all tests conducted by secondary
category plus:
▪ Special Chemistry
▪ Special Hematology including coagulation tests
▪ Immunology
▪ Microbiology culture and sensitivity
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines

D. Based on Service Capability

1. General Clinical Laboratory
d. Limited Service Capability
- for institution-based only
- provides lab tests required for a particular service
in institutions (example: dialysis centers)
Classification of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
D. Based on Service Capability
2. Special Clinical Laboratory
- a laboratory that offers highly specialized
laboratory services that are usually not
provided by a general clinical
laboratory
 REFERENCE
LABORATORIES
▪ also known as referral laboratories
▪ gets specimens from many different places
such as doctor’s offices, hospitals and
clinics
▪ rarely sees patient directly
▪ Specimens are sent to a referral lab through:
▪ ground delivery service
▪ by mail (courier)
 Concept of National Reference
Laboratories (NRL’s)
▪ NRL’s in the Philippines are laboratories
designated by the DOH to:
▪ Confirm patient samples that are found to be
positive using screening tests in the lab
▪ Administer the National External Quality
Assurance Scheme (NEQAS) which ensures
that lab procedures are done in accordance with
standards and lab results are accurate.
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES
(NRLs)
under DOH Department Order No. 393-E s. 2000
• Research Institute for Tropical
Medicine (RITM)
▪ NRL for Dengue, flu, TB and other
Mycobacteria, Malaria and other parasites,
Bacterial enteric diseases, Measles and
other Viral exanthems, Mycology,
Enteroviruses, Antimicrobial resistance and
Emerging Diseases;
▪ NRL for confirmatory testing of blood units.
▪ Screening Tests Performed in All Blood
Units Prior to Transfusion:
▪ Hepa B
▪ Hepa C
▪ Syphilis
▪ HIV
▪ Malaria
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES
(NRLs)
under DOH Department Order No. 393-E s. 2000
• San Lazaro Hospital (STD-AIDS
Cooperative Central Laboratory / SACCL

- NRL for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, Syphilis and

other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STls)
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES (NRLs)
under DOH Department Order No. 393-E s. 2000

• East Avenue Medical Center

- NRL for Environmental and Occupational

Health; Toxicology & Micronutrient
Assay
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES
(NRLs)
under DOH Department Order No. 393-E s. 2000

• National Kidney & Transplant Institute

(NKTI)

- NRL for Hematology including

Immunohematology, Immunopathology and
Anatomic Pathology
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES
(NRLs)
under DOH Department Order No. 393-E s. 2000

• Lung Center of the Philippines

- NRL for Biochemistry
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES (NRLs)
under DOH Department Personnel Order No. 5148 s. 2009

• Additional NRL and additional designations

amending DOH Department Order No. 393-E s.
2000
• Lung Center of the Philippines – NRL in
Anatomic Pathology for Pulmonary Diseases
• Philippine Heart Center – NRL in Anatomic
Pathology for Cardiac Diseases
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES (NRLs)
under DOH Department Personnel Order No. 5148 s. 2009

• Additional NRL and additional designations

amending DOH Department Order No. 393-E s.
2000
• National Kidney and Transplant Institute –
NRL in Anatomic Pathology for Renal Diseases
and other unassigned Organ System Diseases,
and Automated Method for Urinalysis