Statistical Process Control

(SPC)

(SPC) is the application of statistical techniques to ensure

that processes meet standards. All processes are subject to a certain
degree of variability.
 FLO W CH AR
Overview – 7 QC Tools A Flowch
represent
Start of the s te
Flowchar
Process “documen
Ste p creati ng a

Flowchart
flowchart
unco ver s
Decis ion as well as
problems
visual l ea
Stop flowchart
importan
so lving.

Surveys are used when a project is

planned, to prove the need and demand of

Check-sheet the customer, or to test a group for

determining
quality. Checklist
Compile the results 1. xxxxxxxxxx
2. xxxxxxxxxx
using a Checklist 3. xxxxxxxxxx
and CAUSE
display&them
EFFECT DIAGRAM [FISHBONE]
using a Bar Chart,
A Column
Cause & Chart,
Effect Diagram
or is used when you need to
identify,
Paretoexplore,
Chart. and display the possible causes of a
specific problem or condition. “Fishboning”
represents a sophisticated form of brainstorming.

Cause-effect Diagram Cause Cause

EFFECT

Pareto Chart
Cause

Pareto Chart
A Pareto Chart is a special
Causeform of vertical
Cause bar graph that helps you
to determine which problem s to solve in what o rder. Doing a
Pareto Chart based on either a Check List or other forms of data
col lectio n helps direct attention and efforts to the truly important
problems.*
10 0 %
Pareto Chart
75 %

R aw D a ta
50 %

25 %

A B C D Other
MEDIAN CHARTS *You
2
will generally gain more by working on the tallest bar than tackling the smaller bars.
Overview – 7 QC Tools A Histogram is a specialized Colum
to illustrate the stability of a process
greatest number of units are picture
point with roughly an equal number
Contd …
either side of that point. See the ex

HISTOGRAM
Proce

Histograms Process B

Pro cess
A Control Chart is simply a Run Chart with statistically
variation
determined upper and lower control limit lines drawn
Pro cesson
either side of the process average. Being in control
variation
[meaning no data points fall outside the control limits]
simply means the process is consistent.

CONTROL CHART

M e asu rem en t
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Upper
_ _ _ _Control
_ _ _ _ Limit [UCL]

Control Charts
__ _ _ _ _ _

Average

_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _
Lower Co ntro l Limit [LCL]

Time

Scattergram

Scatter Diagrams

These are 7 QC tools also known as ISHIKAWAS 7QC tools

which revolutionized the Japan & the World in Sixties &
Seventies
MEDIAN CHARTS 3
Finding the Required Limits
Out of Control
CONTROL CHARTS
• Specification limits :
Permissible limits of a quality characteristics of
each individual unit of product.
• Control Limits:
Control limits are used to evaluate the
variations in quality from subgroup to
subgroup
Types of Control Charts:

• R-Chart
• X̿-Chart
• P-Chart
• C-Chart
X bar - Chart
Table
Example 1
Solution
Plotting the Values

All the readings are within control limits, Therefore,

Process is in Control
Example 2
 Solution

Find Xbar and

Plott
Answer:
In Control
Practice Example 3

Ignore UCL =6.56 and

LCL=5.84 and take n=4
Example 4 with Solution
In Control
Example 5
Example 6
If Standard Deviation of Process is provided….