Unit2-module8-page60 Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a complex chemical process that converts

energy from light energy to chemical energy, It is the main
way that solar energy is captured and stored on Earth.
Photosynthesis
carbohydrate
thylakoid Photosynthesis phases
granum
stroma A. Light dependent
pigments 1. Light capture
NADP+ 2. Conversion into ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle
Rubisco
transport B. Light independent
ATP and NADPH are used to create glucose

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
 Unit2-module8-page60 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
carbohydrate
thylakoid
granum
stroma
pigments
NADP+
Calvin cycle
Rubisco
transport

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
 Unit2-module8-page60 Photosynthesis – light reaction
Phase One: Light Reactions
The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis. Plants have organelles that capture, or absorb, light
Photosynthesis energy. Once the energy is captured, two energy storage molecules, NADPH and ATP, are produced. These
carbohydrate molecules are used in the light-independent reactions.
thylakoid
granum
stroma
pigments
NADP+
Calvin cycle
Rubisco
transport

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
 Unit2-module8-page60 Photosynthesis – light reaction
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis Large organelles called chloroplasts capture light
carbohydrate energy in photosynthetic organisms. In plants,
chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of
thylakoid leaves.
granum
thylakoid (THI la koyd). Thylakoids are
stroma flattened, saclike membranes that are arranged in
pigments stacks. The stacks of thylakoids are called grana
NADP+ (singular, granum).
Calvin cycle The light-dependent reactions take place within
Rubisco the thylakoids “the membrane”. The second
Transport important compartment within the chloroplast is
Chloroplast called the stroma, the fluid-filled space that is
outside the grana.

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
 Cellular energetic

Explain what metabolic

pathways are
State the first and second laws
of thermodynamics
Explain the difference between
kinetic and potential energy
Describe endergonic and
exergonic reactions
Discuss how enzymes function
as molecular catalysts
 4.1 Energy and metabolism
• Bioenergetic The energy flow in the ecosystem
Sun  Producer  herbivores  Carnivore
This flow lose energy at each step as heat

Bioenergetic
law of conservation of matter and energy apply on any
Metabolism biological system

all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells,

including those that consume or generate energy, are referred
to as the cell’s metabolism.
 Metabolic Pathways
The metabolic Pathways are divided into two reaction
Anabolic = build
Chemical reaction that will lead to build molecules
Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic

Catabolic = breakdown
Chemical reaction that will lead to break chemical bonds between molecules
 Metabolic Pathways
The metabolic Pathways are divided into two reaction
Anabolic is the opposite of Catabolic = breakdown
Chemical reaction that will lead to break chemical bonds between molecules
Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
 Metabolic Pathways
The metabolic Pathways don’t happen in one reaction but in many stages controlled by enzymes “ a
protein with an active site that can interact with molecules to build or breakdown it without being
consumed”
Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
Enzymes
 Energy
The most common needed element in any living thing, which can be explain by
Thermodynamics
Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
Enzymes
Thermodynamics
 Why do we need energy?
Energy is the driving force for all actions

Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
Enzymes
Thermodynamics
 Who needs more energy per cm3
A Mouse

Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
Enzymes A Human
Thermodynamics

An elephant
 ATP
Explain how ATP is used by the cell as an energy source
Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced of the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis
Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic Before we start, we need to know what’s the energy molecule or what we call ATP
Catabolic ATP or Adenosine TriPhosphate
Enzymes
Having free energy in living things is hard and dangerous that will lead to release heat similar to burning fuel, so
Thermodynamics living organism develop a method to store energy in stages to be easily used
ATP
FAT  ATP  Action
Sugar  ATP  Action
 ATP
This is C-AMP – ADP - ATP
Anabolic Anabolic
Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
Enzymes
Thermodynamics Catabolic Catabolic
ATP
AMP ADP ATP
 ATP
ATP store the energy in the bonds between the phosphates,
each time 1 break it release the potential chemical energy.

It’s not consumable it just reusable only 100 to 150 mol/L of

ATP in the human body.
Bioenergetic
Metabolism
Each ATP have 7,300 calories for every mole of ATP formed.
Anabolic
Catabolic
Enzymes
Thermodynamics
ATP
 Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 
System  Transformation, Energy Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations: 
  Systems "S.O.I" 
Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy
Bioenergetic that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these reactions being utilized to
Metabolism meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Anabolic Inquiry questions Inquiry questions such as these should be developed by teachers and
Catabolic students: 
Enzymes
Thermodynamics Factual   What’s the structure and the function of chloroplast? What organelle that
Conceptual   is considered as the powerhouse of the cell? 
Debatable –   How do molecules interact with one another during each stage and how
the structure supports it? How do mitochondria transform organic
molecules to produce ATP for the body? 
Could we produce synthetic photosynthesis and produce these organic
chemicals, and would you consume it? Is it healthy?    
ATP
5.1Photosynthesis
Glycolysis Summarize the process of photosynthesis
Cytosol
Pyruvate Explain the relevance of photosynthesis to other
NADH living things
Prokaryotic
Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis
Eukaryotic
G3P Describe the main structures involved in
enzyme photosynthesis
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Chapter 5
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
acetaldehyde

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
5.1Photosynthesis
Glycolysis Opposite to cellular respiration, Photosynthesis build the needed chemical energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide.
Cytosol
Pyruvate You can say that the product “waste” from the cellular respiration, is the input in photosynthesis
NADH
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Input
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump 6
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
acetaldehyde
Output

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
5.1Photosynthesis - chloroplast
Cytosol Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic
Pyruvate pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the
NADH energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water in plant
Prokaryotic and algal cells.
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
chloroplast

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
5.1Photosynthesis - chloroplast
Cytosol
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
chloroplast

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
5.1Photosynthesis – Leaf Structure
Cytosol
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
chloroplast

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
5.1Photosynthesis – carbon fixation
Cytosol Step 1 : carbon fixation
Pyruvate the carbon dioxide pass through the stoma between the guard cell, and start to dissolve in the water found in the sponge
NADH layer then it will move to cell
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
5.1Photosynthesis – absorption of material
Cytosol Step 1 : Water absorption
Pyruvate the root will absorb water and the needed menials along side nitrogen, but it also absorb
NADH carbon dioxide and they do the carbon dioxide fixation.
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
5.1Photosynthesis – light
Cytosol Step 3 : light absorption
Pyruvate light will pass through the upper epidermis and pass through the leaf not all the sun’s
NADH light will be absorbed but a portion of it this will reduce the heat build up in the plant
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide
fixation

Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
Cytosol
5.1Photosynthesis – light reaction
Pyruvate Step 1 : light reaction
NADH
The first step is to utilize the sun energy.
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Photosystem II will break the water molecule, releasing the oxygen then it will absorb light to energize the e-.
G3P
They discover PSI first, so they kept the names, even though that PSII start the reaction
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
Cytosol
5.1Photosynthesis – light reaction
Pyruvate Step 2 : Proton Pump
NADH
The energized e- will be used to pump Hydrogen inside of the thylakoid,
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
Cytosol
5.1Photosynthesis – light reaction
Pyruvate Step 3 : NADPH
NADH
After using all the e- energy, Photosystem I will charge the e- again, to build NADP+  NADPH
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
ATP
Glycolysis
Cytosol
5.1Photosynthesis – light reaction
Pyruvate Step 4 : NADPH
NADH
ATP synthase will build ATP by allowing the Hydrogen to leave the thylakoid and uses its kinetic energy.
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic product Oxygen
G3P
NADPH
enzyme
Coenzyme ATP
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
 5.2 Photosynthesis – Dark Reaction
Glycolysis
Cytosol
Pyruvate
NADH Dark reaction or Calvin cycle: process happen without the need of light, but will use the light reaction product “ATP,
Prokaryotic NADPH”
Eukaryotic
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – Dark Reaction
Eukaryotic Step 1: Carbon fixation.
G3P
CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, (RuBP).
enzyme
Coenzyme This step makes a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a
Mitochondria three-carbon compound, (3-PGA).
Matrix
5+1 =6/2 = 3x2
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – Dark Reaction
Eukaryotic Step 2: Reduction.
G3P
ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of
enzyme a three-carbon sugar, (G3P).
Coenzyme
Mitochondria This stage gets its name because NADPH donates electrons to “reduces” a
Matrix three-carbon molecule to make G3P
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – Dark Reaction
Eukaryotic Step 2: Regeneration.
G3P
Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled
enzyme to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.
Coenzyme
Mitochondria Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions.
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
Note
In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis),
alcohol
three CO2 molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms of
-lactate dehydrogenase
fixed carbon.
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde When three CO2 molecules enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made.
Chloroplast One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other five must
carbon dioxide fixation be recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – Dark Reaction
Eukaryotic Step 2: Regeneration.
G3P
Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled
enzyme to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.
Coenzyme
Mitochondria Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions.
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
Note
In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis),
alcohol
three CO2 molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms of
-lactate dehydrogenase
fixed carbon.
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde When three CO2 molecules enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made.
Chloroplast One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other five must
carbon dioxide fixation be recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – Dark Reaction
Eukaryotic Step 2: Regeneration.
G3P
Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled
enzyme to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.
Coenzyme
Mitochondria Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions.
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
Note
In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis),
alcohol
three CO2 molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms of
-lactate dehydrogenase
fixed carbon.
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde When three CO2 molecules enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made.
Chloroplast One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other five must
carbon dioxide fixation be recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – producers
Eukaryotic Producers: the photosynthesis organism
G3P
Bacteria: Cyanobacteria
enzyme
Coenzyme Phytoplankton
Mitochondria plants
Matrix algae
Proton pump
Animals: sea snail!
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – producers
Eukaryotic Light and chloroplast
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I" 
Pyruvate
NADH
Prokaryotic
5.2 Photosynthesis – producers
Eukaryotic Light and chloroplast
G3P
enzyme
Coenzyme
Mitochondria
Matrix
Proton pump
ATP synthase
Fermentation
lactic acid
alcohol
-lactate dehydrogenase
carboxyl group
Acetaldehyde
Chloroplast
carbon dioxide fixation
light reaction
Photosystem II & I
Dark reaction or
Calvin cycle
stroma
Key concept  Related concept(s)  Global context 

System  Transformation, Energy  Scientific and Technical innovations Explorations:  Systems "S.O.I" 

Statement of inquiry 
The system of life is supported by biochemical reaction and the transformation of energy that occur within cells. Innovation in science could lead to these
reactions being utilized to meet growing energy and food needs. Explorations:  Systems "S.O. I"