CEB 804: Resilient

Design of Structures
Week 12: Low-Damage Seismic
Design: Moment Resisting Frame
Reinforced Concrete
Cecilio Redoblado Jr – 2023
BE – Civil Eng w/ Architecture (Hons)
MEqEng
Low-Damage Design

 Design as stiff as it can be to depict a strong building!

 Reduce the earthquake demand by adding a damping mechanism!
 Make dictated weak members replaceable!
- PT Walls are precast (Replaceable when damaged)
- Weakest part of it is at its base

Where does PT wall go here?

 Source: Civil 715, University of Auckland Notes – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, 2020
 Low-Damage Design

 Design as stiff as it can be to depict a strong building!

 Reduce the earthquake demand by adding a damping mechanism!
 Make dictated weak members replaceable!

Active Dampers or Passive Dampers

Activated by a power source Activated by Earthquake or any lateral force

Active Mass
Damper (AMD) Base
Tuned isolation
Mass
Joint
Damper Dampers
(TMD)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL-Zgtsw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3ro Source:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7
TESolution (2022) Tuned Mass Dampers Installed in a Steel Stack of Japan. September. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

9Qg&ab_channel=TESolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gz
v=T7wseM2mjiA&ab_channel=TESolution (Accessed: 07.05.23).

0jmYj64&ab_channel=TESolution
TESolution (2020) AMD Installed Inside Air Traffic Control Tower of Inchean International Airport Terminal 2. December. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL-Zgtsw9Qg&ab_channel=TESolution (Accessed: 07.05.23).

wseM2mjiA&ab_channel=TESolution
TESolution (2016) Principle of Tuned Mass Damper(TMD) Technology -Pendulum type. August. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL-

MuF-LMGaM&ab_channel=TESolution
Zgtsw9Qg&ab_channel=TESolution
(Accessed: 07.05.23).
TESolution (2018) Principle of Active Type Mass Damper(AMD) Technology by TESOLUTION. January. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Q3ro0jmYj64&ab_channel=TESolution
(Accessed: 07.05.23).
Low-Damage Design

 Design as stiff as it can be to depict a strong building!

 Reduce the earthquake demand by adding a damping mechanism!
 Make dictated weak members replaceable!

We shall demonstrate how this can be done by using

capacity design on concrete structures – while trying give a
good ductility (instead of a bad one)

 Source: Civil 715, University of Auckland Notes – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, 2020
Capacity Design

1. Identify The Location of the weak joints (Plastic Hinge Joints)

2. Analyse the structure to determine minimum design strength at the weak joints.
3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.
4. Determine the combined structural actions that gives the worst case scenario that the
weak joints must resist
5. Design the remaining structures

 Source: Civil 715, University of Auckland Notes – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, 2020
Capacity Design

1. Identify The Location of the weak joints (Plastic Hinge Joints) (Or location where dampers /
energy dissipating devices can
be located)

Remember – the aim is to

make a Strong Column and
Weak Beam sway mechanism

 Source: Civil 715, University of Auckland Notes – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, 2020
Capacity Design

2. Analyse the structure to determine minimum design strength at the weak joints.

In Concrete Moment Resisting Frames, we are allowed to distribute moments along the beams. The aim of
this is to give a better distribution of strength utilisation along a beam. This is called MOMENT
REDISTRIBUTION

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

2. Analyse the structure to determine minimum design strength at the weak joints.

In Concrete Moment Resisting Frames, we are allowed to distribute moments along the beams. The aim of
this is to give a better distribution of strength utilisation along a beam. This is called MOMENT
REDISTRIBUTION

Identify the WORST Load Combination

DO NOT OVER REDISTRIBUTE!!!!
Before and After redistribution, the sum of beam moments
at each column line MUST REMAIN CONSTANT

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

2. Analyse the structure to determine minimum design strength at the weak joints.

Identify the Beam Flexural Behavior

Light Gravity Load HEAVY Gravity Load

TOO MANY PLASTIC

HINGES!!!!

Reversing Plastic Hinge Non- Reversing Plastic Hinge

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

2. Analyse the structure to determine minimum design strength at the weak joints.

Identify the Beam Flexural Behavior

How can we find out if we have a non-reversing plastic hinge?

UDL (wf)
Mo Mo
Vl Vr
ln

Sum moments from right hand side pivot point

2
𝑤𝑓 𝑥𝑙𝑛
+¿+ 𝑀 𝑜 −− 𝑉𝑙 𝑥 𝑙𝑛− =0 ¿
2
𝑀𝑜
Set to 0 to find if M* is within span
2
𝑤𝑓 𝑥𝑙 𝑛
+¿+ 𝑀 𝑜 − ≤ ¿
2
𝑀𝑜  Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design
2h 2h

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

Why do we have a maximum though?

- Constructability
- Limit Shear Stresses
- Limit Bond Stress at Joints
- Higher Ductility (Lower reo, lower fy, higher f’c)
 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

At least have 2 long bars (16mm) top and bottom to hold stirrups

Reo requirement should fit Mnspan  0.25 Mnjoint

- This part is important due to the tendency of shifting
moments from eccentric loads

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

Avoids Cracking Strength greater than

yield strength (Sudden drop when
cracks)

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

db

hc
If the resisting stress of concrete is low, the force
given through bond stresses will cause slippage as
cracks will occur
- Bigger bar, more tendency of slippage
- Longer width of column, the better bondage
 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

- Beam Sizing is also important – to estimate what
size it should be from beginning of analysis

- Best to also have beam width (bw) to be same

width as columns
- bw(max)  bc + hc/2  2 bc
 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

- Beam Overstrength Calculation, follow:

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

- Splices

Lap Splices if Hoops are used

(s  d/4 or 100mm)

Avoid Splices here unless:

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

- Traverse Reinforcements

They are important because:

- They confine the plastic hinge region
- Restrain long bars from buckling
- Confine Splices S  d/2, 12db

- Shear Strength is ensured for flexural overstrength

Max Spacing Between Restrained Bars = 200mm

Min Area of Restrain Tie = ∑ 𝐴𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝑠 Potential Plastic Yield Regions
Vc = 0
96 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑𝑏 Closed hoopes (s  d/4 or 6db)

 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
Capacity Design

3. Detail the weak joints – determine the over-strength.

- Traverse Reinforcements

Also Check the Shear Stress

UDL (wu) Limits of:
Mo1 Mo2 Diagonal Compression Failure
𝑉𝑛≤ 0.2 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ln
Vo1 Vo2 Sliding Shear Failure (For Sections
with Reversed Shear Demands)
If this is
satisfied, 𝑉𝑛≥ 0.85 √ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
Design According to diagonal
this Shear Strength reinforcement is 𝑉𝑛≥ 0.25 (2+𝑟 ) √ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
needed
Overstrength R = ratio of numerically smaller
𝑀𝑜 1+ 𝑀𝑜 2 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛
𝑉𝑒= ± force to larger shear force on
𝑙𝑛 2
beam
 Source: NZS 3101-2006: Concrete Standard – Part 1L The Design of Concrete Structures
The End