Chapter 4:

Estimation & Hypothesis Testing

(For Two Population)
BENG 2143 | Engineering Statistics

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Estimation & Hypothesis Testing
(For Two Population)

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Inferences about Differences
between Two Population
Means for Small & Independent Samples:
Unequal Standard Deviations

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Small Independent Samples:
Unequal Standard Deviations
Assumptions to fulfill before making inferences about , with t-
distribution
• Both populations are (approximately) normally distributed,
• Samples are small ( < 30 and < 30 ) and independent,
• σ₁ and σ₂ of the two populations are unknown and unequal

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Small Independent Samples:
Unequal Standard Deviations
Estimate of the standard deviation of

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Small Independent Samples:
Unequal Standard Deviations
Equal Standard Deviation Unequal Standard Deviation

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Small Independent Samples:
Unequal Standard Deviations
Interval Estimation of

The confidence interval for is given by

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Small Independent Samples:
Unequal Standard Deviations
Hypothesis Tests about

Test statistics t for ,

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Small Independent Samples:
Unequal Standard Deviations
The degrees of freedom for t-distribution is given by,

The number given by this formula is always rounded down.

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Example 1.1

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Solution 1.1 

Confidence 
Confidence  coefficient  Significant
level  𝛼/2
 level, 𝛼
(1-𝛼)100%  (1-𝛼)

95%  0.95 0.05 0.025

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t-table for Example 1.1 

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Question 1.2
A manufacturing company is interested in buying one of two machines.
The company tested the two machines for production purposes. The
first machine was run for 15 days and produced an average of 111
items per day with a standard deviation of 10 items. The second
machine was run for 18 days and produced an average of 118 items per
day with a standard deviation of 8 items. Assume that the production
per day for each machine is normally distributed and that the standard
deviations of the daily productions of the two populations are unequal.
(a) Make a 99% confidence interval for the difference between the
two population means.
(b) Using the 1% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
number of items produced per day by the first machine is lower than
the second machine?
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 Solution 1.2 (a)
Machine 1  Machine 2 
Confidence  Confidence Significant
n1 = 15 n2 = 18 level   coefficient   level, 𝛼 𝛼/2
(1-𝛼)100%  (1-𝛼)
𝑥1 = 111 𝑥2= 118
s1 = 10  s2 = 8  99% 0.99 0.01 0.005

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Solution 1.2 (b)

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Solution 1.2 (b)
Step 2: Test Statistic

Step 3: Rejection Region

Since H1 : , use left-tailed test

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Solution 1.2 (b)
Step 4: Decision

• t- test value = -1.140 fall

under unshaded region.
• H0 is accepted

Step 5: Conclusion
Since t = -1.140 > -2.779, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, at the 1% significance level, we do not have sufficient evidence to
conclude that the mean number of items produced per day by the first machine is
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Inferences about differences
between Two population
Proportion for Large & Independent Samples

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Proportion for
Large Independent Samples
Mean, Standard Deviation and Sampling Distribution of

Sampling distribution of is (approximately) normal with its mean

and standard deviation, given as

and where and

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Proportion for
Large Independent Samples
Interval Estimation of

The confidence interval for is given by

where

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Proportion for
Large Independent Samples
Hypothesis Tests about
Pooled Sample Proportion,

Test statistics z for ,

or

where

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Example 2.1
Researchers conducted a study of smartphone use among adults. A
cell phone company claimed that iPhone smartphones are more
popular with girls than boys. The results of the survey indicate
that of the 232 boy phone owners randomly sampled, 5% have an
iPhone. Of the 1,343 girl cell phone owners randomly sampled, 10%
own an iPhone. Test at the 5% level of significance. Is the
proportion of girl iPhone owners greater than the proportion of
boy iPhone owners?.

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Solution 2.1
Step 1: Step 3:

Step 4:
Step 2:
z-score z-score fall in the rejection region. I reject H0 at I would agree
with the claim that girls are more popular than boys.

1.64

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Question 2.1
A study was conducted about gender differences in using
Snapchat. It is believed that the proportion of girls using
Snapchat is less than the proportion of boys. The data collected is
summarized in the table. Is the proportion of girls using snapchat
less than the proportion of boys? Test at a 1% level of
significance.

Boys Girls
Using Snapchat 183 156
Total surveyed 2231 2169

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 Solution 2.1
Step 1: Step 3:

Step 4:
Step 2:
z-score falls outside of rejection region. I accept H0 at I would
0.01
disagree with the claim that the proportion of girls using Snapchat is
less than the proportion of boys.

2.33
𝑍 0.01 =2.33

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Summary
Small Independent Samples: Proportion for
Unequal Standard Deviations Large Independent Samples
• Degree of freedom • Means

• Standard Error • Standard Deviation

• Interval Estimation • Interval Estimation

• Hypothesis Test • Hypothesis Test

• Pooled Sample

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References
Small Independent Samples: Unequal Standard Deviations
• Statistics LibreTexts. (2019). 10.2: Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations. [online] Available at:
https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/Book
%3A_Introductory_Statistics_(OpenStax)_With_Multimedia_and_Interactivity/
10%3A_Hypothesis_Testing_and_Confidence_Intervals_with_Two_Samples/
10.02%3A_Two_Population_Means_with_Unknown_Standard_Deviations [Accessed 15 May 2023].

Proportion for Large Independent Samples

• Statistics LibreTexts. (2019). 10.4: Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions. [online] Available at:
https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/Book
%3A_Introductory_Statistics_(OpenStax)_With_Multimedia_and_Interactivity/
10%3A_Hypothesis_Testing_and_Confidence_Intervals_with_Two_Samples/
10.04%3A_Comparing_Two_Independent_Population_Proportions#:~:text=A%20hypothesis%20test%20can%20help,
%3ApA%3DpB [Accessed 15 May 2023].

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The End
Thank You

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