THE MOLE

CONCEPT
 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
 the mass of atoms is extremely small, thus, scientists use a much smaller unit than a gram to
compare their masses, known as relative atomic mass. 
 Relative atomic mass compares the mass of an atom of an element to one-twelfth the mass of
a carbon-12 atom. 
 A carbon-12 atom was assigned a mass of 12.00 atomic mass units or amu, therefore, one-
twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom has a mass of 1.00 amu.
 Hence the formal definition is that, Relative atomic mass, Ar , is the average mass of one
atom of an element compared to one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12. 
MOLECULAR MASS
 Relative molecular mass, Mr , is the average mass of one molecule of an element or compound
compared to one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12. 

 Relative molecular mass is given the symbol Mr

FORMULA MASS
 Relative formula mass is the average mass of one formula unit of a compound compared to
one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

 To determine the relative molecular mass or relative formula mass, we add together the
relative atomic masses of all the elements present in the compound. 
THE MOLE
 The mole represents a fixed number.
 A mole represents a very large number and is, therefore, used mainly as a measurement of
atomic sized particles.
 It was found that 12.00 g of carbon-12 contains 6.0 x 10^ 23 atoms of carbon-12. One mole
represents the number of atoms in 12.00 g of carbon-12, i.e. 6.0 x^10 23 . This number is
known as Avogadro’s constant, or NA
 A mole is the amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are
atoms in 12.00 g of carbon-12, 6.0 x 10^ 23 particles.
THE MOLE
 ‘particles’ can refer to atoms, molecules, formula units or ions. 
 In the same way that it was found that 12.00 g of carbon-12 contains 6.0  10 23 carbon-12
atoms, it was found that: 
 40 g of calcium (Ca) contains 6.0  10 23 Ca atoms
 28 g of nitrogen (N2 ) contains 6.0  10 23 N2 molecules
 180 g of glucose (C6H12O6 ) contains 6.0  10 23 C6H12O6molecules
 84 g of magnesium carbonate (MgCO3 ) contains 6.0 x 10^23 MgCO3 formula units.
 MOLE DAY
 Maurice Oehler from Wisconsin, USA, founded the National Mole Day Foundation on 15
May, 1991.
 Mole Day is an unofficial chemistry holiday celebrated on a date that relates to
Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.02 x 1023. 
 The purpose of Mole Day is to foster an interest in chemistry.
 It is celebrate on October 23, between 6:02 a.m. and 6:02 p.m., making the date 6:02 10/23 in
the American style of writing dates.
MOLE DAY
MOLAR MASS
 Molar mass, M, is the mass, in grams, of one mole of a substance. 
 The molar mass of an element or a compound is given the unit grams per mole or g/mol.
 12.00 g of carbon contains 6.0 x 10^23 carbon atoms, or 1 mol of carbon atoms, the molar
mass of carbon is 12 g/mol.
 The molar mass of different elements and compounds will be different even though they are
all the mass of one mole,
 Molar Mass can also be determine from the mass number of the atoms.
CALCULATING MOLAR MASS
 40 g of calcium contains 6.0 x 10^23 Ca atoms, or 1 mol of Ca atoms, the molar mass of
calcium is 40 g/mol
 28 g of nitrogen contains 6.0 x 10^23 N2 molecules, or 1 mol of N2 molecules, the molar
mass of nitrogen is 28 g/mol
 180 g of glucose contains 6.0 x 10^23 C6H12O6molecules, or 1 mol of C6H12O6 molecules,
the molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol 
 84 g of magnesium carbonate contains 6.0 x 10^23 MgCO3 formula units, or 1 mol of
MgCO3 formula units, the molar mass of magnesium carbonate is 84 g/mol
CALCULATING MOLAR MASS
MOLES AND MASS
 Molar mass gives us the relationship between the number of moles and the mass of an element
or compound. We can use the molar mass to calculate the mass or number of moles of an
element or compound.
MOLES AND MASS
 Molar mass gives us the relationship between the number of moles and the mass of an element
or compound. We can use the molar mass to calculate the mass or number of moles of an
element or compound.
MOLES AND NUMBER OF
PARTICLES
 The number of particles in one mole is always 6.0 x 10 ^ 23 . Using this fact we can calculate
the number of particles in any number of moles.
 If a substance is an element, e.g. metals and the noble gases, then the particles are individual
atoms 
 If a substance is a molecular element, e.g. oxygen, or a covalent compound, e.g. water, then
the particles are molecules made up of atoms 
 If a substance is an ionic compound, e.g. sodium chloride, then the particles are formula units
made up of ions.
MOLES, MASS AND NUMBER
OF PARTICLES
 We can now combine our calculation of moles and mass, and moles and number of particles.
MOLES,
MASS AND
NUMBER
OF
PARTICLE
S
We can now combine our calculation of
moles and mass, and moles and number of
particles.