INTRODUCTION

PRESS :
 “It is a machine by which we can do cutting and non
cutting process by applying force on metallic or non
metallic sheet.”
 “Metal forming is one of the manufacturing processes
which are almost chip less. These operations are
mainly carried out by the help of presses and press
tools. These operations include deformation of metal
work pieces to the desired shape and size by applying
pressure or force. Presses and press tools facilitate
mass production work. These are considered fastest
and most efficient way to form a sheet metal into
finished products.”
Press Working Terminology
 Press Working Terminology
1: Bed:
The bed is the lower part of the press frame that serves as a table to
which a Bolster plate is mounted.

2: Bolster Plate:
This is a thick plate secured to the press bed , which is used for
locating and supporting the die assembly.

3: Die Set:
It is unit assembly which incorporates a lower and upper shoe, two or
more guide parts and guide part bushings.

4: Die Block:
It is a block or a plate which contains a die cavity

5: Lower Shoe:
The lower shoe of the a die set is generally mounted on the bolster
plate of a press. The die block is mounted on the lower shoe, also the
guide post are mounted on it.
 Press Working Terminology
6: Punch :
This is male component of a die assembly, which is directly or indirectly
moved by and fastened to the press ram or slide.

7: Upper Shoe:
This is the upper part of the die set which contains guide post bushings.

8: Punch Plate :
The punch plate or punch retainer fits closely over the body of the punch
and holds it in proper relative position.

9: Back up Plate:
Back up plate or pressure plate is placed so that intensity of pressure does
not become excessive on punch holder. The plate distributes the pressure
over a wide area and the intensity of pressure on the punch holder is
reduced to avoid crushing.
10: Stripper:
It is a plate which is used to strip the metal strip from cutting a non-cutting
Punch or die. It may also guide the sheet.
 Accessories of common press

1. Base
2. C- frame
3. Ram
4. Crank shaft
5. Clutch
6. Brake
 Press selection
 Size of work piece
 Stock Width and material
 Type of operation
Power of press and speed of operation
 Press Size
 The size of press is designated by its
maximum capacity of applying load on a
piece of blank, and its expressed in tones
 The bed area is also considered in the
press size
 Press Working
 Use of mechanical and hydraulic presses for forging and
extrusion.
 Knuckle type mechanical presses are used widely for sheet
metal work.
 These presses are usually of vertical configuration.
 These presses are provided with a heavy flywheel driven by an
electric motor.
 A ram moves up and down the guide ways provided in the
frame of the press, when the ram is connected to the flywheel
through a connecting rod and a crank mechanism.
 The clutch for transferring the motion from the flywheel to the
ram is operated by a foot operated treadle.
 The arrangement is some what similar to the mechanism of a
reciprocating engine.
 Such presses are very useful for providing short powerful
strokes.
 Types of press

There are different criteria of classification of

presses into different categories. These
criteria, related classifications and their
descriptions are discussed below.
 According to the Power Source
These power source are categorized as :

 Manually Operated or Power Driven

These presses are used to process thin sheet metal working
operations where less pressure or force is required. These are
operated by manual power. Most of manually operated presses
are hand press, ball press or fly press.

 Power Presses
Power presses are normally driven by mechanical mechanism
or hydraulic system. Power source of these presses may be
electric motor or engine.
According to the Type and Design of Frame

The type and design of frame depending on the design

of frame these are classified as:
 Inclinable.
 Straight side.
 Adjustable bed.
 Gap frame.
 According to the Type and Design of Frame
 Inclinable Frame Press
Its frame is called inclinable due to its capability to tilt back up
to some angle. It can be locked into nay of its inclined position.
Its back is open to exit the scrap so it is also called open back
inclinable press.
 According to the Type and Design of Frame
 Gap Frame Press
These presses have larger frame openings, that means a wide
gap between its base and ram to accommodate larger work
pieces. It also has longer beds.
 Straight Side Press
These presses have straight side type frame which is preferred
for presses having larger bed area and high tonnage. This
offers greater rigidity and capable of longer strokes. The frame
consists of vertical and straight sides so it is called straight
side press.
According to the Type and Design of Frame
 Adjustable Bed Type Press
It is also called column and knee type press because it has a
knee type bed supported on its column shaped frame. Its bed
(knee) can be adjusted at any desirable height by moving it
vertically up or down with the help of power screws.
 According to the Position of Frame
Presses can also be categorized by the position of frame as
described below.
 Inclinable Frame
Already described.

 Vertical Frame
Vertical frame type of press is already been discussed, it cannot be
adjusted like inclinable frame. Gap, adjustable bed, straight side,
open end and honing presses are the example of vertical frames.

 Horizontal Frame
It has a fixed frame in horizontal position. It provides the facility
of auto ejection of produced part and scrap due to gravity.

 Inclined Frame
Like inclinable frame, inclined frame press has an inclined frame but
fixed, it cannot be adjusted to any other angle.
 According to the Actions

According to the number of actions it can be categorized as

single action, double action or triple action press. Here
number of actions is same as the number of rams on the
press.
 According to Mechanism Used to
Transmit Power to Ram
 Crank Press
It consists of crankshaft driven by a flywheel, rotary motion of
the crankshaft is converted into reciprocating motion with the
help of a connecting rod connected to ram.
 Cam Driven Press
In this press, a cam is used to press the ram down words and
suitably located springs restore the original position of ram when
pressure applied is removed.
 According to the Purpose of Use
Some of the operations require low stroke strength and
some lager stroke strength. In the same way requirements
of stroke length is different for different operations. So
depending on power and stroke length presses are
classified as given below depending on their suitability of
performing different operations.
 Shearing press
 Seaming press
 Punching press
 Extruding press
 Coining press
 Forging press
 Rolling press
 Bending press.
 FLY PRESS
A fly Press is a machine tool used to shape sheet metal by
deforming it or cutting it with punches and dies
 GAP FRAME PRESS
A type of press with a C-shaped frame suspending the crown
over the bed and an open portion in the front. The open front of
the gap-frame press offers easy access to the die set.
 HYDRAULIC PRESS
A hydraulic press is a machine using a hydraulic cylinder to
generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent
of a mechanical lever.
 SCREW PRESS
A screw press is a type of machine press in which the ram is
driven up and down by a screw.