Chapter

11 Databases

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 Learning Objectives

1. Distinguish between the physical and logical views of data.

2. Describe how data is organized: characters, fields, records, tables, and
databases.
3. Define key fields and how they are used to integrate data in a database.
4. Define and compare batch processing and real-time processing.
5. Describe databases, including the need for databases and database
management systems (DBMS).
6. Describe the five common database models: hierarchical, network, relational,
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multidimensional, and object-oriented.

7. Distinguish among individual, company, distributed, and commercial databases.
8. Describe strategic database uses and security concerns.

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 Introduction

• Like a library, secondary storage is designed to store

information
• End users need to understand
• How information is organized in fields, records, tables and
databases
• The different types of databases and structures
• Competent end users need to be able to find
information that is stored in databases
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 Data

• Examples of data include

• Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events
• Audio, music, photographs, and video
• Two ways to view data
• Physical view
• Logical view
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 Data Organization

Logic view – data is organized into groups or categories

• Character
• Field
• Record
• Table
• Database

Primary Key
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• Unique identifier

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 Processing

• Batch processing
• Data is collected over a period of time and the processing happens later all at one time
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 Processing

• Real-time processing
• Also known as online processing because it happens immediately during the transaction
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 Databases

• Collection of integrated data

• Logically related files and records
• Databases address data redundancy
and data integrity
Advantages to having databases
• Sharing
• Security
• Less data redundancy
• Data integrity
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 Database Management

• Database Management
System (DBMS)
• DBMS engine
• Data definition
subsystem
• Data dictionary / schema
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Access data dictionary form

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 Database Management (Cont.)

• Data manipulation subsystem

• Data Maintenance
• Analysis Tools
• Query-by-example
• Structured query language (SQL)
• Application generation
subsystem
• Data administration subsystem
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• Database Administrators (DBAs)

• Processing rights Access data entry form

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 DBMS Structure

• Database model
• DBMS programs work with data that is logically structured or arranged
• Model defined rules and standards for data in a database
• Five common data models
• Hierarchical database
• Network database
• Relational database
• Multidimensional database
• Object-oriented database
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 Hierarchical Database

• Fields or records structured in nodes

• Nodes
• points connected like
branches of an
upside-down tree
• One parent per node
• Parent can have
several child nodes
• One-to-many relationship
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Return

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 Network Database

• Hierarchical node arrangement

• Each child node may have more
than one parent node (many-to-
many relationship)
• Pointers
• Additional connections between
parent and child
• Nodes can be reached through
multiple paths
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Return

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 Relational Database

• More flexible
• Data stored in table
called a relation
• Tables consist of rows
and columns
• Tables related via a
common data item / key
field
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Return

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 Multidimensional Database

• A variation and an extension of the relational model to include

additional dimensions, sometimes called a data cube
• Good for representing complex relationships
• Advantages over relational
• Conceptualization
• Processing speed
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 Object-Oriented Database

• Objects contain both

data and instructions
• Organize using
• Objects
• Classes
• Attributes
• Methods
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 Types of Databases

• Individual
• Integrated files used by just one person
• Company
• Common operational or commonly used files shared in an organization
• Distributed
• Database spread geographically and accessed using database server
• Commercial
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• Information utilities
• Data banks available

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 Database Uses and Issues

• Strategic uses
• Data warehouse
• Data mining
• Security
• Databases are valuable
• Protection necessary
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Security: electronic
fingerprint scanner

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 Careers In IT

• Database administrators
• Determine the most efficient
ways to organize and access
a company’s data
• Responsible for database security
and backing up the system
• Employers look for
• Bachelors degree in Computer Science
• Technical experience
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• Database administrators can expect to

earn $67,000 to $98,000 annually

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 A Look to the Future ~ The Future of Crime Databases

• Can criminal behavior be

predicted ?
• Research institutions have
been looking into patterns
that could predict criminal
behavior
• If patterns could be found .
. . Just need to find
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individuals with these

characteristics

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 Open-Ended Questions (Page 1 of 2)

1. Describe the five logical data groups or categories.

2. What is the difference between batch processing and real-time processing?

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3. Identify and define the five parts of DBMS programs.

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 Open-Ended Questions (Page 2 of 2)

4. Describe each of the five common database models.

5. What are some of the benefits and limitations of databases? Why is

security a concern?
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