Energy Saving Opportunities in AC System

ENERGY SAVING
OPPORTUNITIES IN AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES IN AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.A. CONCEPTS ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1.A.1. Basic Concepts
In any process or operating system, a certain amount of energy input is
utilized to produce a desired output. Losses are inevitable but can be
minimized.
There are three (3) categories of energy conserving measures. As energy
manages, we want to:
a. Improve efficiency of the system, or the ratio of the output over
the input; or
b. Minimize losses;
c. Regulate the output, as necessary, to control the input.

CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
Losses
Input Process / System Output Need
Efficiency = Output
Input
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.A.2. Identifying Energy Saving Opportunities

To identify energy saving opportunities, we have to survey the system,
take reading and calculate the design output and design input; then, compare
these figures with the actual output and actual input. Analyzing these findings
will reveal the energy saving opportunities. This procedure of identifying
energy saving opportunities is called an energy audit.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
METHODOLOGY OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1. Plan (Energy Audit)
Observe/ Measure
Design Energy
Analyze vs. Saving
Actual Opportunities
2. Do
3. Check
methods/operation
4. Act – Standards materials
measurements
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.A.3. Energy Saving Opportunities in an A/C System
To be able to analyze an A/C System, the energy manager should have a
working knowledge of –
a. Cooling load/load profile
b. Psychrometry, and
c. Pressure-enthalpy diagram
The output of an A/C system is the cooling capacity, measure in BTU/hr, or
tons of refrigeration, to satisfy the cooling load. This output is delivered in the
form of an air flow at a certain temperature determined by psychrometry. The
input is the power utilized, and analyzed using the pressure-enthalpy diagram.
The heat flow from the cooling load until is rejected to the atmosphere,
together with the power utilized in the process, is illustrated in the following
Figure 1.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.A.3. Energy Saving Opportunities in an A/C System
Referring to the heat flow diagram in A/C system, the duties of energy
managers are:
 To produce only sufficient cooling capacity to satisfy the cooling load profile
at all times and not excessive capacity;
 To control the utilization of electric power for the compressors, fans/blowers,
and pumps following the load profile requirement.
 To minimize heat losses; and
 To find ways of utilizing the condenser heat rejection.
 To make sure the equipment are properly maintained.
Energy saving opportunities in an A/C System will be answering the above

objectives.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.1. Preliminary Steps
These are preparatory steps in making an energy audit:
a. Get familiar with the A/C System, such as –
- How the system is zoned (usually each zone is served by an air
handling unit with its system of ductwork),
- Duct layout (supply and return)
- machine rooms (construction and location)
- cooling requirement (temperature/humidity) for each zone;
b. Gather information on the power consumption (past months);
c. Gather log sheets (operation of major equipment)
d. Relate power consumption to operation of major equipment;
e. Set a reasonable target for energy savings;
f. Plan the sequence of energy audit (usually follows the heat flow, from the AHU
zones to the heat rejection); and
g. Set a timetable to follow.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.2. Survey
Following the planned sequence (f) observe and take note of data
needed to make a cooling load calculation. During the survey, ask – can the
cooling load be reduced in the following areas:
a. Solar Effects
- How can the radiation from the sun be minimized?
- Shades for windows? Heavy curtains?
- Shading trees? External louvers?
b. Heat Transmission Effects
- Any wall, ceiling, floor subject to high temperature differential (outside
to inside)? Will insulation help?
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.2. Survey
c. Heat from machineries/equipment
- If there are these machineries/equipment inside the conditioned space,
how can the heat be minimized?
- ventilation?
- insulation?
- schedule of operation?
- efficiency?
d. Heat from Products
- these products be pre-cooled outside the conditioned space?
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.2 Survey
e. Heat from Products
There are special cases where the product has to be cooled to a temperature
and humidity other than the space/room conditions, can the product be
contained in a compartment or tunnel so as not to maintain the whole room at
the special conditions?
f. Heat from People
- In some special conditions, the entry of people is regulated so as not to
have excessive cooling (especially in humidity controlled system).
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.2 Survey
g. Heat from Lights
- Any unnecessary lights? By returning air through the lighting fixture,
the heat generated from ballasts does not form part of the room load,
hence, lower air circulation is needed.
h. Ventilation/Infiltration
- This is outside air entering the conditioned space and, therefore, must
be minimized. Entry is through cracks in the building envelope, doors and open
windows. Special applications requiring a lot of fresh air, such as, operating
rooms, must be restudied. Better air movement and filtration minimizes the
needs for 100% fresh air. Another method of minimizing outside air load is the
heat recovery wheels.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.3 Actual Conditions
Measure the air flow (supply & return) and the temperature for each
zone, such as –
- Room Temperature
- Outside Air Temperature
- Air-on Coil (AHU)
- Air-off Coil (AHU)
- Coil Temperature (AHU)
- Supply Air Temperature (Grilles)
- Return Air Temperature (Return Grilles)
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.4. Design Load Profile
With the above observations and measurements, the design load profile for each
zone, can be calculated for each hour of the day the A/C is operating, for at least two
months ( the one hot and the other a cold month).
These calculations will give the sensible heat load and latent heat load of each
zone.
The CFM requirement for each zone, by the hour, can be computed; so with the
required coil temperature to satisfy the % R.H.
This seem to be a very tedious, almost impossible task, but with computers, these
computations are made expeditiously.
Since balancing the air flow is not the purpose of the audit, the significant value
is the total CFM through the AHU, how it varies with the load.
Without computers, the load profile at extreme conditions (highest and lowest)
need be calculated.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.5. Analysis
The design calculation values can now be plotted on a psychrometric
chart; so with the actual measurement in each zone. Comparison of the
design CFM and temperatures with actual will reveal excessive cooling
capacity (or deficiencies). Losses in ducts, or infiltration/excessive outside
air, can also be traced.
Energy saving opportunities in the A/C system can, therefore, be
analyzed.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.B. ENERGY AUDIT
1.B.6 Energy Saving Opportunities in the Refrigeration Plant
At this point, the peak cooling load and the lowest load have been established.
The other equipment such as, pumps and compressors, can be analyzed whether or
not these equipment can operate, with proper combinations, at the highest
efficiencies. It has been the practice to divide the maximum load to be handle by
two or three identical units. This may not be desirable in some cases as one of the
units may not suitable to handle the low load condition.
It is also recommended for one of the units to have a more sophisticated
capacity controller to respond to minute load variations. The latest controller is the
Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) controller that varies the speed of
the motor in direct proportion to the load. The power input to such equipment is
also in direct proportion to the load. Hence, an effective energy saver.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.C. COOLING LOAD
1.C.1. Sensible Heat
Sensible heat (Qs), when added to or taken from a mixture of air and
water vapor, changes its temperature only, and not its state.
Qs = 1.08 CFM (T2 - T2), BTU/Hr
Where CFM = Air Flow

T1 = Initial Temp., °F
T2 = Final Temp., °F
1.08 = Constant
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.C. COOLING LOAD
1.C.2. Latent Heat
Latent heat (QL), when added to or taken from a mixture of air changes
its water vapor content, without change in temperature.
QL = 0.68 CFM (ΔG), BTU/Hr
Where ΔG = Change in moisture content, in grains/# if dry air

0.68 = Constant
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.C. COOLING LOAD
1.C.3. Total Heat
Total heat is the sum of the sensible heat and the latent heat added or
taken from an air-water vapor mixture resulting to a change in enthalpy of the
mixture (enthalpy is the heat content of the mixture, in BTU/#)
QT = Qs + QL, BTU/Hr
Another formula to express QT is:
QT = 4.5 CFM x ΔH, BTU/Hr
Where ΔH = Change in Enthalpy, BTU/#
4.5 = Constant
The value derived from this formula may not be exactly the same as Qs
+ QL but is a good approximation for our purpose.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.C. COOLING LOAD
1.C.4. Air Conditioning Cooling Load
Air conditioning a space/room means maintaining the space/room within the
range of temperature and humidity. This range is specified as a design temperature
and humidity together with a tolerance percentage, such as, 78°F and 50% R.H.
The space or room can only be maintained at the desired temperature and
humidity if the heat generated inside the heat entering the space/room can be
removed as fast as the heat is formed. This heat maybe a combination of sensible
and latent heat.
The sensible heat can come from:
•Solar heat thru : windows and walls;
•Heat transmission due to temperature difference between the outside and inside
thru: windows, walls, ceiling, and floors
•Machineries/equipment emitting heat inside the space/room, such as, motors,
heaters, heat exchangers, etc…
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.C. COOLING LOAD
The sensible heat can come from:
•Product heat entering the room;
•Lighting; and
•Outside air infiltration/ventilation.
The Latent heat can come from:

•Machineries/equipment increasing the water vapor in the room;
•Product discharging vapor, such as, food and people.
To remove these sensible heat and latent heat, air, must be circulated in the
room and supplied at a temperature and humidity capable of absorbing such heat.
This is explained in the next chapter on psychrometrics.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.C. COOLING LOAD
To remove Qs (sensible heat), air flow quantity (CFM) at temperature (TS)
is required.
Qs, BTU/Hr
CFM =
1.08 (TR- TS)
Where TR = Room temperature, °F
TS = Air temperature at supply grill, °F
To remove QL (Latent Heat), TS should be low enough so that the moisture
to be absorbed is –
QL
G = , Grains/# D. A.
0.68 CFM
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 1
1.C. COOLING LOAD
After the air flow (CFM) has circulated in the room and has absorbed the room
sensible and latent heat, it must exit at room design condition. Before the air flow is
returned to the A/C equipment, it will mix with some outside air required for
ventilation. This resulting mixture will have a higher or lower heat content
depending on the outside condition.
The heat of the room and the heat of the outside air will be remove by the A/C
equipment. This resulting total heat is the cooling load of the A/C equipment.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.A. FUNDAMENTALS OF REFRIGERATION
2.A.1 Refrigeration Cycle
The purpose of refrigeration is to absorb heat from a given matter. This
process follows the Second Law of Energy – heat flows from an object to another
object of lower temperature. A refrigeration system must therefore have a surface
of lower temperature, and exposed to the matter being cooled, to be effective.
For the surface to have the required lower temperature, it must contain another
matter at such low temperature. This matter is called a refrigerant. The
refrigerant has its greatest heat absorbing capability when it changes its state –
liquid to vapor or solid to vapor (in case of CO2). Most refrigeration systems used
liquid as refrigerants. Because such refrigerants evaporates while doing its work,
the surface or vessel containing the boiling refrigerant is called an evaporator.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
The temperature of the refrigerant, hence the evaporator, can be controlled
by regulating the pressure inside the evaporator. Water boils or evaporates at
212°F under atmospheric pressure but can be used as a refrigerant at 40°F under
a vacuum. A refrigerant compressor is used to maintain a selected evaporator
pressure, at the same time, transfer the refrigerant vapor to the condenser.
The condenser, as the name implies, condenses the refrigerant vapor back to
liquid so that it can be recycled to the evaporator. To condense, the refrigerant
vapor must be in contact with a surface of lower temperature than the vapor.
This process, as in the evaporator , follows the Second Law of Energy. By
changing its state from vapor to liquid, the refrigerant gives off its heat to the
cooling medium. The amount of this heat giving off is equivalent to the sum of
all heat absorbed (through the evaporator and the heat of compression). The
most common cooling medium is air (at 95°F) or water (at 85°F).
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
The condenser with air as its cooling medium is called an air-cooled
condenser; with water as a cooling medium, water-cooled condenser.
The condensed liquid is piped back to the evaporator. The liquid flows is
regulated by an expansion valve.
This cycle is called the refrigeration cycle.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.A.2 The Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram
The heat transfer in a refrigeration cycle can be better explained using a
pressure – enthalpy diagram PH. The characteristics of a given refrigerant is
plotted on its PH diagram.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.A.3 The Actual Refrigeration Cycle
The actual refrigeration cycle differs from the theoretical cycle due to
inefficiencies and losses.
The liquid from point A, as it passed through the liquid line strainer and
expansion valve absorbs some heat and reaches the evaporator at slightly higher
pressure than the pressure at point C.
There will also be a pressure drop through the evaporator and suction line,
hence, the vapor will enter the compressor section at a pressure lower than point
C.
The compressor inefficiencies. Furthermore, the compressor must discharge
the vapor at higher pressure than point D to overcome friction losses along the
discharge line and condenser. Hence, the actual condition of the discharge vapor
will be above and to the right of point D. The actual work of compression must,
therefore, be greater than (hd – hc).
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
The actual refrigeration cycle will be close to the diagram at Fig.5.3.
The acceptable friction loss in the suction line or discharge line is the
pressure equivalent to a 2°F temperature drop at the corresponding temperature
as read in the refrigerant table.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.A.4 Practical Uses of the PH Diagram
The PH diagram is a practical analytical tool for an engineer to keep track of
the “health” of his refrigeration system and analyze means of improving its
performance. Since no two installations will be exactly the same, it is important
to record the initial PH diagram when the system was first operational. (This
should be posted on the inside cover of the system’s control panel for easy
reference.)
The primary concern of an “enerconomizer” is to have as high a Coefficient
of Performance (COP). The COP is the ratio of the output over the input.
Output (hc’ – hb’) (1)
COP = =
Input (hd’ – hc’)
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.A.4 Practical Uses of the PH Diagram
To keep as high a COP value, we should maximize (hc’ – hb’) and/or minimize (hd’ –
hc’).
Another expression of COP is,
evap (2)
COP = cond – evap
The temperatures are in absolute units (°F + 459.67). We also keep the evaporator
temperature high, and the condenser temperature low, as the cooling load will permit.
The initial COP should be computed, analyzed and recorded together with the PH
diagram at various load conditions (say 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%). Subsequent values
should be recorded at least once a month and analyzed. No substantial change might
occur during the first year of operation but symptoms of deterioration should be
carefully noted and be given proper attention, to return the system to its original
condition.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
The actual refrigeration cycle differs from the theoretical cycle due to
inefficiencies and losses.
The liquid from point A, as it passed through the liquid line strainer and
expansion valve absorbs some heat and reaches the evaporator at slightly higher
pressure than the pressure at point C.
There will also be a pressure drop through the evaporator and suction line,
hence, the vapor will enter the compressor section at a pressure lower than point
C.
The compressor inefficiencies. Furthermore, the compressor must discharge
the vapor at higher pressure than point D to overcome friction losses along the
discharge line and condenser. Hence, the actual condition of the discharge vapor
will be above and to the right of point D. The actual work of compression must,
therefore, be greater than (hd – hc).
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.B. REFRIGERATION AND ANCILLARY SYSTEMS
2.B.1 Refrigeration System
Every refrigeration system is composed of the basic components mentioned
earlier. These are the:
0.1 Evaporator
0.2 Condenser
0.3 Compressor, and
0.4 Expansion valve
Each of these components are selected to do a specific function for the
whole system to perform the task it is designed to do.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
a. Refrigerants
One of the initial decisions to be made by the designer is the choice of the
refrigerant. A comparison of the performance rating of refrigerants commonly
used are on Table 1. R-11 is used for machines ranging from 200 tons to about
700 tons.
The reason is the relatively high COP, hence, the lowest theoretical Hp/ton.
Furthermore, the low operating pressures allow the use of thinner, hence lower
cost pressure vessels. One disadvantage, however, is the high volume of vapor,
so that for larger tonnages, this means a bulkier and more expensive machine.
This is the reason for using R-12 and R-22 in tonnages within the range of 800
tons to 1500 tons. The advantage of R-22 over R-12 is less refrigerant
circulation, hence, small compressor. The disadvantage is the higher operating
pressure of R-22.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
a. Refrigerants
“Tons” is a measure of cooling capacity of the systems. One ton is
equivalent to 12,000 BTU/hr or 200 BTU/min cooling capacity.
b. Evaporator
The evaporator will be designed to cool the product, be it air, water,
food products, or other chemicals. It will be designed to effectively and
efficiently absorb the heat of the product. For air, the evaporator is the form of
coil with fins. For water, the evaporator will be a shell and tube heat exchanger
called a chiller. The evaporator may take the form of a direct contact plates for
freezing food products. It is usually given and desired to cool a certain product
from an initial temperature to a final temperature at a certain period of time. The
evaporator temperature should not be too low relative to the product final
temperature; otherwise, the COP will be low.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.B.1 Refrigeration System .
b. Evaporator
The heat transfer in the evaporator follows the general formulas:
Qevap = U A t
Where, U is a function of the resistance of the heat transfer surface,
A is the area of the heat transfer surface, and
t is the difference in temperature between the product and the refrigerant.
To keep the t low for a higher COP, the designer has a choice of increasing
the value of the U and A. The means to improve the U-value is by increasing the
velocity along the heat transfer surface; the A by more surface area. These are
technical consideration but the matter of increased cost is an economic
consideration.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
b. Evaporator
Once we have this equipment operational, our concern shifts to maintain the
original COP – by keeping the heat transfer surface clean, the flow steady and
the temperature within limits.
Power is utilized in the evaporator to move the product – blowers for air,
pumps for liquids and, possibly, conveyors for solids. As enerconomizers, our
concern is to run these equipment only when needed and as needed. Control
devices presently being used either throttles or bypasses on the flow. Recently,
speed controllers whose power input varies as the speed while maintaining the
torque characteristics, are now available. A remotely located sensor (thermostat
or pressurestat) can modulate the speed.
As in the design of evaporators, cost is again an economic consideration
which will be discussed later under section.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
c. Condenser
If the evaporators is designed to absorb heat from a product, the condenser is
designed to reject the heat of compression and refrigeration effects. This heat
rejection should be accomplished at the lowest possible condensing temperature
to have a high COP. As in the evaporator, the heat transfer surface should be kept
clean and cooling medium flowing.
Power is utilized in the condenser to move the cooling medium – blowers for
air and pumps for water. The same measures in evaporators apply to condenser.
There is another important function for condenser – that of removal of non-
condensible gases. The pressure of non-condensible gases increases the power
consumption of the refrigeration systems as it re-circulates as useless mass. At the
same time, such non-condensibles more often corrode the system and prematurely
wear the components. Such non-condensibles are detected by the high condensing
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
c. Condenser
Temperature despite a well maintained condenser. The non-condensible are removed
by purging – the refrigerant vapor is condensed and any reminder is purged. In large
installations, such purging is accomplished in a separate auxiliary condenser called a
purging unit.
Water-cooled condensers employ cooling towers. The amount of heat rejected by
the condenser is enormous and the cooling tower provides the means to discharge
this heat remotely.
The latest development on towers is the fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) type
where the power requirement is only about half of that of the old wood-filled towers.
Furthermore, its lightweight no longer penalized the structure of the building
holding it.
There are also FRP towers whose approach (meaning, the difference between the
air wet bulb temperature and the final cooling water temperature) is low. Lower
cooling water temperature means lower condensing temperature, hence, lower Hp of
compression.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
d. Compressor
The choice of compressor will depend on the refrigerant and the operation
required. The types available are the reciprocating compressors, centrifugals
and screws. For light duty and small installations, reciprocating compressor is
suggested. In installations where adequate service facilities are scarce like in
some provinces of the Philippines, reciprocating compressor are popular. All
our ice plants in the provinces and some in cities, are still running large slow
speed reciprocating compressors.
Watch out for developments in screw compressors. They are proving to be
reliable compressors with service ability improving. Manufacturers also claim
better kW/ton rating under certain conditions. This is specially true on single
screws.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
d. Compressor
As shown in the PH diagram the power to drive these compressors account for
most of the power consumption in a refrigeration plant – more than 70% in most
systems. We should focus our attention on how best to control power utilization in
these compressors. These compressors should therefore be responsive to changes in
load conditions and at that instant regulate the power input proportionately. Smaller
reciprocating compressors just cut-in and out as load varies. Larger compressors are
equipped to unload cylinders at a time. Centrifugal compressors regulate capacity by
throttling the suction flow of refrigerant. Screw compressors have a better means –
regulate the effective length of the screw in proportion to the capacity required.
The same speed controller available for blowers and pumps can also be applied
to compressors thereby increasing the operating range of these compressors at high
efficiency. Microprocessors are now used to select the speeds and position of the
capacity regulating vanes for optimum operation.
The PH diagram also shows us how vulnerable is the compressor to malfunction
in the evaporator or condenser.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
e. Expansion valve
The thing to watch in expansion valve is either clogging or sticking. In
either case, more often, it will result to lower suction pressures increasing the
load on the compressor.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.B.2 Air Distribution System .
Air conditioning systems warranting energy conservation measures could
have an extensive air distribution system with air handling units and duct
works. This system should satisfy varying load conditions including humidity
controls.
The sensible load must be satisfies by:
Qs = 1.08 (CFM) Δt (4)
Where Qs = sensible load in BTU/Hr
CFM = air flow necessary for this load, cu.ft. per minute
Δt = temperature difference between the room and the air
supply, °F
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.B.2 Air Distribution System .
The latent load must be satisfies by:
QL = 0.68 (CFM) ΔG (5)
Where QL = latent load in BTU/Hr
CFM = air flow necessary for this load, cu.ft. per minute
ΔG = difference in moisture content of the air in the room and air
supply, grains of moisture/# of dry air
Any variation in the load can be satisfied by the regulating the CFM and/or
the condition of the air supply (temperature and/or moisture content).
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.B.3 Piping System
In an extensive air conditioning or refrigeration plant where spaces to be cooled
are numerous, a secondary cooling system is utilized to confine the refrigeration
system within the machine room and avoid having to pipe the expensive refrigerant
all over the place. Such is the case in high rise buildings using chilled water for air
conditioning or glycol solutions for refrigeration installations.
In such systems, chillers are used to removed the heat from the secondary
refrigerant. The secondary refrigerant is re-circulated to the air handling units or
cooler by means of pumps. This is where the power is utilized. It is important
therefore to pump only the amount required by these coolers or units. The Hp
required to circulate the liquid is a direct function of the flow and head. It is,
therefore, the practice to have several circuits (and pumps) so that those with the
same heads are in common circuit thereby avoid excessive pumping capacity.
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
NOTES 2
2.B.3 Piping System
To control the flow, the recommended regulator is a two-way valve. In older
installations with three-way valves, the liquid keeps on re-circulating even
though the condition is satisfied thereby wasting pumping power.
We found in our retrofit projects that an effective way of controlling the
flow of the pump end is first by the use of multiple pumps and then the last unit
with a speed controller.
Let me point out that chillers need a steady flow of chilled water or liquid to
keep the U-valve high and avoid freeze up. For this reason, a primary pumping
loop within the machine room is suggested. The secondary system taps from
this loop and pumps the secondary refrigerant only to the coolers as required.
The primary pumps runs only when their corresponding chiller is operating.

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ENERGY SAVING

1.A. CONCEPTS ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT

c. Regulate the output, as necessary, to control the input.

Input Process / System Output Need

1.A. CONCEPTS ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1.A.2. Identifying Energy Saving Opportunities

METHODOLOGY OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT

 To find ways of utilizing the condenser heat rejection.

 To make sure the equipment are properly maintained.

Energy saving opportunities in an A/C System will be answering the above

Qs = 1.08 CFM (T2 - T2), BTU/Hr

Where CFM = Air Flow

QL = 0.68 CFM (ΔG), BTU/Hr

Where ΔG = Change in moisture content, in grains/# if dry air

•Outside air infiltration/ventilation.

The Latent heat can come from:

•Product discharging vapor, such as, food and people.

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