AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class

Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

Semester I [27] 2018 /

2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

4.5 SLAB REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS

Bar Cutoffs and Anchorages

For slabs without beams, ACI Code allows the bars to be cut off as shown in the figure below (ACI
Code. Where adjacent spans have unequal lengths, the extension of the negative-moment bars past the
face of the support is based on the length of the longer span.
ACI Code requires that the Positive moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall
extend to the edge of slab and have embedment, straight or hooked, at least 150 mm in spandrel beams,
columns, or walls.
ACI Code requires that all negative-moment steel perpendicular to an edge be bent, hooked, or otherwise
anchored in spandrel beams, columns, and walls along the edge to develop in tension. If there is no edge
beam, this steel still should be hooked to act as torsional reinforcement and should extend to the
minimum cover thickness from the edge of the slab.

Semester I [28] 2018 /

2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

ACI 318 - Fig. Minimum extensions for reinforcement in slabs without beams

ACI Code requires that at exterior corners of slabs supported by edge walls or where one or more edge
beams have a value of α greater than 1, top and bottom slab reinforcement shall be provided at exterior
corners in accordance with code.
1- Corner reinforcement in both top and bottom of slab shall be sufficient to resist a moment per unit
of width equal to the maximum positive moment per unit width in the slab panel.
2 -The moment shall be assumed to be about an axis perpendicular to the diagonal from the corner in
the top of the slab and about an axis parallel to the diagonal from the corner in the bottom of the slab.
3- Corner reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to
one-fifth the longer span.
4- Corner reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top of the slab and perpendicular
to the diagonal in the bottom of the slab. Alternatively, reinforcement shall be placed in two layers
parallel to the sides of the slab in both the top and bottom of the slab.

Semester I [29] 2018 /

2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

Semester I [30] 2018 /

2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

4.6 Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs.

The ACI Code specifies two methods for the design of two-way slabs:
1. The direct design method. DDM (ACI Code), is an approximate procedure for the analysis and
design of two-way slabs. It is limited to slab systems subjected to uniformly distributed loads
and supported on equally or nearly equally spaced columns. The method uses a set of coefficients
to determine the design moments at critical sections. Two-way slab systems that do not meet the
limitations of the ACI Code, , must be analyzed by more accurate procedures.
2. The equivalent frame method, EFM (ACI Code), is one in which a three-dimensional building is
divided into a series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by cutting the building along lines
midway between columns. The resulting frames are considered separately in the longitudinal and
transverse directions of the building and treated floor by floor, as will be shown later.

4.7 Slab Analysis by the Direct Design Method (DDM).

The direct-design method also could have been called “the direct-analysis method,” because this method
essentially prescribes values for moments in various parts of the slab panel without the need for a
structural analysis. The reader should be aware that this design method was introduced in an era when
most engineering calculations were made with a slide rule and computer software was not available to
do the repetitive calculations required to analyze a continuous-floor slab system. Thus, for continuous
slab panels with relatively uniform lengths and subjected to distributed loading, a series of moment
coefficients were developed that would lead to safe flexural designs of two-way floor systems.

4.7.1 Limitations on the Use of the Direct-Design Method.

The direct-design method is easier to use than the equivalent-frame method, but can be applied only to
fairly regular multi panel slabs. The limitations, given in ACI Code Section 13.6.1, include the
following:
1. There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction. Thus, a nine panel structure
(3 by 3 ) is the smallest that can be considered. If there are fewer than three panels, the interior
negative moments from the direct-design method tend to be too small.
2. Rectangular panels must have a long-span/short-span ratio that is not greater than ( 2 ). One-way
action predominates as the span ratio reaches and exceeds ( 2 ).

Semester I [31] 2018 /

2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

3. Successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one third of the longer span.
This limit is imposed so that certain standard reinforcement cutoff details can be used.
4. Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building by up to ( 0.1 ) times the span
parallel to the offset. In a building laid out in this way, the actual column locations are used in
determining the spans of the slab to be used in calculating the design moments.
5. All loads must be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel. The direct-
design method cannot be used for unbraced, laterally loaded frames, foundation mats, or prestressed
slabs.
6. The service (unfactored) live load shall not exceed two times the service dead load. Strip or
checkerboard loadings with large ratios of live load to dead load may lead to moments larger than
those assumed in this method of analysis.
7. For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, the relative stiffness of the beams in the two
perpendicular directions given by ( )/( ) shall not be less than ( 0.2 ) or greater than ( 5 ).
The term ( ) was defined in the prior section, and and are the spans in the two directions.
Limitations ( 2 &7) do not allow use of the direct-design method for slab panels that transmit load as
one-way slabs.

4.7.2 Column and middle strips.

In both direct design and equivalent frame methods, a typical panel is divided, for purposes of design,
into column strips and middle strips. A column strip is defined as a strip of slab having a width on each
side of the column centerline equal to one-fourth the smaller of the panel dimensions and . Such a
strip includes column-line beams, if present. A middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column
strips. In all cases , is defined as the span in the direction of the moment analysis and as the span
in the lateral direction measured center to center of the support. In the case of monolithic construction,
beams are defined to include that part of the slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to
the projection of the beam above or below the slab (whichever is greater) but not greater than 4 times
the slab thickness (see preview Section )

Semester I [32] 2018 /

2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

Semester I [33] 2018 /

2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

4.7.3 Total Static Moment at Factored Loads.

For purposes of calculating the total static moment ( )in a panel, the clear span ( ) in the direction
of moments is used. The clear span is defined to extend from face to face of the columns, capitals,
brackets, or walls but is not to be less than( . ) . The total factored moment in a span, for a strip
bounded laterally by the centerline of the panel on each side of the centerline of supports, is:

4.7.4 Assignment of positive and negative moments.

For interior spans, the total static moment is apportioned between the critical positive and negative
bending sections according to the following ratios:

The critical section for negative bending is taken at the face of rectangular supports, or at the face of an
equivalent square support having the same cross-sectional area as a round support.
In the case of end spans, the apportionment of the total static moment among the three critical moment
sections (interior negative, positive, and exterior negative, as illustrated by the figure below) depends

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2019
AL-Mustansiriyah University Reinforced Concrete Design II Civil Department \ 4th class
Collage of Engineering Undergraduate / Course Ass. Prof. Dr. Hadi Nasir AL-Maliki

upon the flexural restraint provided for the slab by the exterior column or the exterior wall, as the case
may be, and depends also upon the presence or absence of beams on the column lines. ACI Code
13.6.3 specifies five alternative sets of moment distribution coefficients for end spans, as shown in the
next table and figure.

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2019