Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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f (t ) F ( ) exp (i t ) d F ( ) f (t ) exp(i t ) dt
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Prof. Rick Trebino, Georgia Tech
What do we hope to achieve with the
Fourier Transform?
We desire a measure of the frequencies present in a wave. This will
lead to a definition of the term, the spectrum.
Time
It will be nice if our measure also tells us when each frequency occurs.
Lord Kelvin on Fourier’s theorem
Lord Kelvin
Joseph Fourier
Fourier was
obsessed with the
physics of heat and
developed the
Fourier series and
transform to model
heat-flow problems.
sin(3t)
Here, we write a
square wave as
a sum of sine
waves.
sin(5t)
Any function can be written as the
sum of an even and an odd function.
E(-x) = E(x)
E(x) E ( x) [ f ( x) f ( x)] / 2
O(x)
O( x) [ f ( x) f ( x )] / 2
O(-x) = -O(x)
f(x)
f ( x) E ( x) O( x)
Fourier Cosine Series
Because cos(mt) is an even function (for all m), we can write an even
function, f(t), as:
1
f(t)
F
m 0
m cos(mt)
where the set {Fm; m = 0, 1, … } is a set of coefficients that define the
series.
And where we’ll only worry about the function f(t) over the interval
(–π,π).
The Kronecker delta function
1 if m n
m,n
0 if m n
Finding the coefficients, Fm, in a Fourier Cosine Series
1
Fourier Cosine Series:
f (t )
m0
Fm cos(mt )
To find Fm, multiply each side by cos(m’t), where m’ is another integer, and integrate:
1
f (t ) cos(m ' t ) dt
F
m0
m cos(mt ) cos(m ' t ) dt
if m m '
But:
cos( mt ) cos( m ' t ) dt
0 if m m '
m,m '
1
So:
f (t ) cos(m ' t ) dt
F
m 0
m m, m ' only the m’ = m term contributes
Fm
f (t ) cos(mt ) dt yields the
coefficients for
any f(t)!
Fourier Sine Series
f (t)
1
m 0
Fmsin(mt)
where the set {F’m; m = 0, 1, … } is a set of coefficients that define the
series.
where we’ll only worry about the function f(t) over the interval (–π,π).
Finding the coefficients, F’m, in a Fourier Sine Series
1
Fourier Sine Series:
f (t )
F sin(mt )
m 0
m
To find Fm, multiply each side by sin(m’t), where m’ is another integer, and integrate:
1
f (t ) sin(m ' t ) dt
F sin(mt ) sin(m ' t) dt
m 0
m
But:
if m m '
sin(mt ) sin(m ' t) dt
0 if m m '
m,m '
So: 1
f (t ) sin( m ' t ) dt
F m m,m ' only the m’ = m term contributes
m 0
1 1
f (t )
m 0
Fm cos(mt )
m 0
Fm sin(mt )
Fm vs. m
.5
0 5 10 25
15 20 30
m
We really need two such plots, one for the cosine series and another
for the sine series.
Discrete Fourier Series vs.
Continuous Fourier Transform
Fm vs. m
Let the integer
m become a F(m)
real number
and let the
coefficients, Fm,
become a
function F(m).
Again, we really need two such plots, one for the cosine series and
another for the sine series.
The Fourier Transform
Consider the Fourier coefficients. Let’s define a function F(m) that
incorporates both cosine and sine series coefficients, with the sine
series distinguished by making it the imaginary component:
F(m) Fm – i F’m =
f (t ) cos(mt ) dt i
f (t ) sin(mt ) dt
1 1
f (t )
m0
Fm cos(mt )
m 0
Fm' sin(mt )
1 Inverse
f (t )
2
F ( ) exp(i t ) d Fourier
Transform
The Fourier Transform and its Inverse
The Fourier Transform and its Inverse:
F ( )
f (t ) exp(it ) dt
FourierTransform
1
f (t )
2 F ( ) exp(it ) d
Inverse Fourier Transform
2
S ( ) F {E (t )}
1
[exp(i / 2) exp(i
i
exp(i / 2) exp( i
2i
sin( F()
F ( sinc( Imaginary
Component = 0
Sinc(x) and why it's important
It just crops up
everywhere...
The Fourier Transform of the triangle
function, (t), is sinc2()
The triangle function is just what it sounds like.
(t ) sinc 2 ( / 2)
Sometimes
people use 1 1
∩
(t), too, for
the triangle
function.
-1/2 0 1/2 t 0
1 1
exp([a i t ) 0 [exp() exp(0)]
a i a i
1 1
[0 1]
a i a i
1
F ( i
ia
A complex Lorentzian!
Example: the Fourier Transform of a
Gaussian, exp(-at2), is itself!
exp( at
2 2
F {exp( at )} ) exp( it ) dt
0 t 0
The Dirac delta function
(t)
if t 0
(t )
0 if t 0
t
if t 0
The Dirac delta function (t )
0 if t 0
fm(t) = m exp[-(mt)2]/√
(t)
f3(t)
f2(t)
f1(t)
t
Dirac function Properties (t)
(t ) dt 1
t
(t a) f (t ) dt (t a) f (a) dt f (a)
exp(it ) dt 2 (
exp[i( )t ]
dt 2 (
The Fourier Transform of (t) is 1.
(t)
0 t
And the Fourier Transform of 1 is ():
1 exp(i t ) dt 2 (
()
t 0
The Fourier transform of exp(i0 t)
F exp(i0 t )
exp(i0 t ) exp( i t ) dt
exp(i [ 0 ] t ) dt 2 ( 0 )
exp(i0t)
F {exp(i0t)}
Im t
Re
t
F cos(0t )
cos( t ) exp(i t ) dt
0
1
2
exp(i 0 t ) exp(i 0 t ) exp(i t ) dt
1 1
2 exp(i [ ]t ) dt
0
2 exp(i [ ] t) dt
0
( 0 ) ( 0 )
cos(0t) F {cos(0t )}
t
Fourier Transform Symmetry Properties
Expanding the Fourier transform of a function, f(t):
F ( )
[Re{ f (t )} i Im{ f (t )}] [cos( t ) i sin( t )] dt
f (t ) dt