Introduction to

Machine Learning

V I S WA N AT H U N I L E K H A J
M ASHRITHA
M R AT N A P R AVA L L I K A
L S H A R AT H K U M A R
G N S A I P R AV E E N C H O W D R AY
What is Machine Learning
Machine learning is an application of artificial
intelligence that involves algorithms and data
that automatically analyse and make decision
by itself without human intervention.

It describes how computer perform tasks on

their own by previous experiences.

Therefore we can say in machine language

artificial intelligence is generated on the basis
of experience.
Normal Computer vs ML
The difference between normal computer
software and machine learning is that a human
developer hasn’t given codes that instructs the
system how to react to situation, instead it is
being trained by a large number of data.
Some of the machine learning algorithms

However, there is a common principle that

underlies all supervised machine learning
algorithms for predictive modeling.

Machine learning algorithms are described as

learning a target function (f) that best maps
input variables (X) to an output variable (Y): Y
= f(X)
Types of machine Learning.
 SUPERVISED LEARNING
•Supervised learning is the types of machine learning in which machines are trained using well
"labelled" training data, and on basis of that data, machines predict the output. The labelled
data means some input data is already tagged with the correct output.

•Supervised learning is a process of providing input data as well as correct output data to the
machine learning model. The aim of a supervised learning algorithm is to find a mapping
function to map the input variable(x) with the output variable(y).
How Supervised Learning
Works?
The working of Supervised learning can be easily understood by the below example and
diagram:
 Steps Involved in Supervised Learning:

•First determine the type of training dataset

•collect /Gather the labelled training data.
•split the training dataset into training dataset, test dataset,
and validation dataset.
•Evaluate the accuracy of the model by providing the
test set. If the model predicts the correct output, which
means our model is accurate.

Types of supervised Machine learning Algorithms:

1.CLASSIFICATION
2.REGRESSION
 CLASSIFICATION
Classification algorithms are used when the output variable
is categorical, which means there are two classes such as
Yes-No, Male-Female, True-false, etc.
•ADVANTAGES OF SUPERVISED LEARNING
•Prior experiences
•classes of objects
•fraud detection,spam filtering
•DISADVANTAGES OF SUPERVISED LEARNING
•Complex tasks
•computation times
 REGRESSION
Regression algorithms are used if there is a relationship between
the input variable and the output variable. It is used for the
prediction of continuous variables, such as Weather forecasting,
Market Trends, etc. Below are some popular Regression algorithms
which come under supervised learning:

Linear Regression
Regression Trees
Non-Linear Regression
Bayesian Linear Regression
Polynomial Regression
 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING

In the previous topic, we learned supervised machine learning in

which models are trained using labeled data under the
supervision of training data. But there may be many cases in
which we do not have labeled data and need to find the hidden
patterns from the given dataset. So, to solve such types of cases
in machine learning, we need unsupervised learning techniques.

What is Unsupervised Learning?

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning

in which models are trained using unlabeled dataset
and are allowed to act on that data without any
supervision.
 Why use Unsupervised Learning?

•Unsupervised learning is helpful for finding useful

insights from the data.
•Unsupervised learning is much similar as a human
learns to think by their own experiences, which
makes it closer to the real AI.
•Unsupervised learning works on unlabeled and
uncategorized data which make unsupervised
learning more important.
•In Real world, we do not always have input
data with the corresponding output so to solve
such cases, we need unsupervised learning.
 Working of Unsupervised Learning

Working of unsupervised learning can be

understood by the below diagram:
 Unsupervised vs. supervised learning
Comparing supervised versus unsupervised learning, supervised learning uses labeled data sets to train
algorithms to identify and sort based on provided labels.

The input object, or sample, has a corresponding label so that the algorithms learn to identify and classify
those input objects which match with the same label.

In other words, the algorithms create maps from given inputs to specific outcomes based on what they
learn from training data that has been labeled by machine learning engineers or data scientists.

Moreover, supervised learning uses both labeled training data and labeled validation data. This allows the
accuracy of supervised learning outputs to be checked for accuracy in a way that unsupervised learning
cannot be measured. Machine learning engineers or data scientists may opt to use a combination of labeled
and unlabeled data to train their algorithms. This in-between option is appropriately called semi-
supervised learning.
Clustering and other types of unsupervised learning

Unsupervised learning is often focused on clustering.

Clustering is the grouping of objects or data points that are similar to each other and dissimilar to objects in other
clusters.

Machine learning engineers and data scientists can use different algorithms for clustering, with the algorithms
themselves falling into different categories based on how they work. The categories include the following:  

a. exclusive clustering

b. overlapping clustering

c. hierarchical clustering

d. probabilistic clustering
Disadvantages

Although organizations value those features of unsupervised learning, there are some disadvantages, including the
following:

1. uncertainty about the accuracy of the unsupervised learning outputs;

2. difficulty checking the accuracy of the unsupervised learning outputs, as there are no labeled data sets to verify the
results;

3. the need for engineers and data scientists to spend more time interpreting and labeling results with unsupervised
learning than they would with supervised learning; and

4. the lack of full insight into how or why an unsupervised system reaches its results.

There is an additional disadvantage with clustering as well, in that cluster analysis could overestimate the similarities
in the input objects and thereby obscure individual data points that may be important for some use cases, such as
customer segmentation where the objective is to understand individual customers and their unique buying habits.
Examples and use cases

1. clustering anomaly detection, whereby algorithms can identify unusual data points in data
sets, a capability particularly useful to identity fraudulent activity or human errors or faulty
products; and

2. association mining, where algorithms find associations among data points, a capability that
retailers, for example, can use to identify what products are often bought together
Applications of Reinforcement Learning

• Robotics for industrial automation.

• Business strategy planning.
• Machine learning and data processing.
• It helps you to create training systems that provide custom
instruction and materials according to the requirement of
students.
• Aircraft control and robot motion control.
Advantages of Reinforcement Learning

• Reinforcement Learning is used to solve complex problems that

cannot be solved by conventional techniques.
• This technique is preferred to achieve long-term results which are very
difficult to achieve.
• This learning model is very similar to the learning of human beings.
Hence, it is close to achieving perfection.
Disadvantages of Reinforcement Learning
• Too much reinforcement learning can lead to an overload of states
which can diminish the results.
• This algorithm is not preferable for solving simple problems.
• This algorithm needs a lot of data and a lot of computation.
• The curse of dimensionality limits reinforcement learning for real
physical systems.
Thank you