1

The Relationship between Social

Class Inequality and White-Collar
Crime in Lingayen: An Analysis of
the Role of Structural Factors in
Explaining Patterns of Offending

SHERVIN FERRER
ANGELEEN TOLEDO
PHIAH MARIE NARNOLA
JEWEL ANDREI CABURNAY
KARL ALLEN FEENANDEZ
 01 Rationale

02 Statement of the Problem

CONTENTS 03 Conceptual Framework

04 Research Design

05 Locale of the Study

 Rationale
•White-collar crimes are nonviolent offenses committed by
individuals or corporations for financial gain. These crimes
have a significant impact on society and the economy, but

01
often go unnoticed and receive lenient punishments. The
objective of this study is to analyze the role of structural
factors in explaining patterns of white-collar crime. Such
structural factors include social class inequality, access to
resources, and cultural norms surrounding success and
achievement. White-collar crime has a profound impact on
society and the economy. The study aims to shed light on this
issue and increase awareness.
 Statement of the Problem
This study aims to investigate the relationship between social class inequality and white-collar
crime. Specifically, it aims to examine how social class inequality contributes to the
occurrence of white-collar crimes and the extent to which white- collar crime reinforces social
class inequality. The following are the questions to be answered:

01 What are the different forms of white-collar crime that occur in the society under study?

02 What are the implications of white-collar crime on social class inequality?

What are the measures that can be taken to reduce white-collar crime and
03
address social class inequality?
 Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. What are the different forms The Relationship
of white-collar crime that occur between Social Class
The study will be
in the society under study?
Inequality and White-
2. What are the implications of conducted through
Collar Crime in
white- collar crime on social observation and
Lingayen: An Analysis
class inequality? interview.
3. What are the measures that
of the Role of

can be taken to reduce white- Structural Factors in

collar crime and address social Explaining Patterns of
class inequality? Offending
 Research Design
•Correlational research design is commonly used to
study the relationship between variables. It is
suitable for analyzing the connection between

04
structural factors, such as social class inequality, and
patterns of white-collar crime. This type of research
design allows researchers to examine the relationship
between two variables without inferring causality.
For instance, a study could explore the correlation
between the prevalence of white-collar crime and the
level of social class inequality in a specific area.
 Locale of the Study
05
•Lingayen
2
Exploring the Collaborative Effort of
Safety and Security in Pangasinan
State University Lingayen Campus:
An Analysis of Perception and
Experiences of Students and Campus
Security Personnel

SHERVIN FERRER
ANGELEEN TOLEDO
PHIAH MARIE NARNOLA
JEWEL ANDREI CABURNAY
KARL ALLEN FEENANDEZ
 01 Rationale

02 Statement of the Problem

CONTENTS 03 Conceptual Framework

04 Research Design

05 Locale of the Study

 Rationale
The rationale for conducting this research stems from the increasing
importance of establishing a safe and secure environment on college
and university campuses. The rise in crime rates, violent incidents, and

01
natural disasters has heightened concerns among students, faculty, and
staff. Collaborative efforts between students and campus security
personnel have the potential to enhance campus safety by increasing
awareness, identifying risks, and implementing proactive measures.
However, there is a need to explore the perceptions and experiences of
both students and campus security personnel regarding collaborative
efforts for campus safety.
 Statement of the Problem
This research aims to understand how these two groups perceive the current safety measures in
place and their level of satisfaction with the existing security infrastructure. Additionally, it aims to
investigate the potential areas of collaboration between students and campus security personnel to
enhance safety on campus. The following are the questions to be answered:
What are the perceptions of students and campus security personnel regarding the
01 effectiveness of current safety protocols, such as emergency response procedures, CCTV
surveillance and access control systems?

02 What are the experiences and observations of campus security personnel in

terms of the common security incidents and issues faced on campus?

What are the major concerns and challenges faced by students regarding
03 campus safety?
 Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. What are the perceptions of students and
Exploring the
campus security personnel regarding the
effectiveness of current safety protocols, Collaborative Effort of
The study will be
such as emergency response procedures, Safety and Security in
CCTV surveillance and access control performed through Pangasinan State
systems? interview and University Lingayen
2. What are the experiences and
observation. Campus: An Analysis of
observations of campus security personnel
Perception and
in terms of the common security incidents
and issues faced on campus? Experiences of Students
3. What are the major concerns and and Campus Security
challenges faced by students regarding Personnel
campus safety?
 Research Design
•This study focuses on the collaborative efforts between
students and campus security personnel to enhance campus
safety and security. The researchers utilize an exploratory
research design to comprehensively explore this topic and

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gain insights from both students and security personnel.
Various data collection methods such as interviews, surveys,
focus groups, and observations are employed to gather
qualitative data. These methods enable the collection of
first-hand information about the perspectives, attitudes, and
experiences of both groups regarding safety and security on
campus.
 Locale of the Study
05 •PSU LINGAYEN CAMPUS
3
The Long-Term Effects of Peer
Victimization on the Behavioral
Development of
High School Students in Pangasinan
National High School: A
Criminological
Analysis
SHERVIN FERRER
ANGELEEN TOLEDO
PHIAH MARIE NARNOLA
JEWEL ANDREI CABURNAY
KARL ALLEN FEENANDEZ
 01 Rationale

02 Statement of the Problem

CONTENTS 03 Conceptual Framework

04 Research Design

05 Locale of the Study

 Rationale
Previous research on bullying has mainly focused on
individual characteristics of bullies and victims, neglecting the
role of school and classroom factors. Studies have shown that

01 the variation in bullying behavior is greater between

classrooms than between schools.It is unclear whether school
and classroom effects on bullying are due to educational
practices or student body composition.Existing studies have
only considered school size and socio-economic status, while
classroom composition effects have not been tested.
 Rationale
Different educational practices, such as performance goals, teacher-
student relationships, autonomy support, structure, and support,
have been associated with bullying and victimization.However,

01 comprehensive research is lacking to determine which specific

educational practices are directly linked to bullying and victimization.
The objectives of this study are to assess the impact of school and
classroom factors on bullying/victimization, investigate the
contribution of school and classroom composition to these effects,
and examine the influence of various educational practices on
differences between schools and classrooms.
 Statement of the Problem
The present research aims to investigate the long-term effects of peer victimization on the behavioral
development of high school students through criminological analysis. Specifically, the study seeks to explore
how peer victimization experiences during adolescence may lead to behavioral problems and criminal
involvement in adulthood. The following are the questions to be answered:

How does peer victimization affect the behavioral development of high school students in the
01 short-term and long-term?

02 Does peer victimization during high school contribute to the development of

criminal behaviour in later stages of life?

What are the specific behavioral changes observed in high school students who
03 have experienced peer victimization?
Conceptual Framework
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

Peer Victimization Dependent

Demographic Behavioral
Variables
Development of
Environmental
High School
Factors Academic
Students
Performance

Figure 1: Independent and Dependent Variables

 Research Design
•Experimental research design is used to determine cause-and-effect
relationships between variables. The long-term effects of victimization on
high school students' behavioral development can be studied using an
experimental design. Experimental design allows researchers to
manipulate the independent variable and observe its effects on the

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dependent variable. By randomly assigning participants to victimization
and control groups, researchers can ensure that differences in behavioral
development are due to the independent variable and not other factors.
Experimental designs increase internal validity by controlling for
extraneous variables. The use of experimental research design in studying
the long-term effects of victimization on high school students' behavioral
development provides valid and reliable conclusions.
 Locale of the Study
05 •Pangasinan National High School
THANK YOU
SHERVIN FERRER
ANGELEEN TOLEDO
PHIAH MARIE NARNOLA
JEWEL ANDREI CABURNAY
KARL ALLEN FEENANDEZ