Chapter 1

Computer system
overview
Presented by :Swathi R G
M.tech
Computers?
How computer works ?
Hardware and software
Computer components and basic
computer organization(5m)
Computer organization
 Computer organization is concerned with the way the hardware components
operate and the way they are connected together to form the computer
system.
Input unit
 Aninput unit takes the input from the
computer and converts it into binary
form so that it can be understood by
the computer.
 Binary consists of 2 digits 0(off) and
1(on)
 Some of the input units
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Microphone
Output unit :the device which displays
the output is called as the output device
monitors
Printers
SPEAKERS
THE CPU
 IT IS CALLED THE BRAIN OF THE COMPUTER
 Its work like a manager of a company. It accepts a request from Input unit, then
guides, directs, controls and governs the performance of the computer. It has three
functional units:
 1. CU (Control Unit) 2. ALU ( Arithmetic and Logic Unit) 3. Memory Unit
CONTROL UNIT :important (2m)
1)It controls and guides the interpretation ,flow and the manipulation of all the data
and information.
2)It sends the control signals which are required for the operations done by alu and the
memory unit.
3)program execution: Executes the program instructions from memory one after the
other.
4)The cu controls the flow of data from input to the memory and from memory to
output devices
Arithmetic and logical unit(2m)
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs arithmetic and logical operations and
controls the speed of these operations.
 Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
(+,-,*, /) and logical operations like AND, OR, NOT and relational operations
like (, <=,>=) are being carried out in this unit.
Registers
 Holds data
 Storage units
 CPU stores data, memory addresses and instructions in the registers.
The Memory
[main memory/primary memory]

 The memory of a computer store information and data

 Each memory location has unique address
 if a task is done then the memory space is cleared and available for next task
 When the power is switched off the contents are erased
 Memory can be thought of as cells.
 Each cell has bits
RAM
TYPES OF RAM(3or 2 m)

 DRAM  is widely used as a computer’s main memory. Each DRAM memory cell
is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a
data bit is stored in the capacitor. Since transistors always leak a small
amount, the capacitors will slowly discharge, causing information stored in it
to drain; hence, DRAM has to be refreshed (given a new electronic charge)
every few milliseconds to retain data.
 SRAM  is made up of four to six transistors. It keeps data in the memory as
long as power is supplied to the system unlike DRAM, which has to be
refreshed periodically. As such, SRAM is faster but also more expensive,
making DRAM the more prevalent memory in computer systems.
READ ONLY MEMORY(ROM)
TYPES OF ROM
Conti…..

 FLASH EEPROM: Similar to EEPROM but very fast and erases completely
 Mask ROM :MASK ROM Refers to ROM in which the contents are programmed
by the ic manufacturer not programmed by the user.
Differences between RAM and ROM
SECONDARY STORAGE
Hard disk
CD ROM
DVD
FLASH MEMORY
 Flash memory is a long-life and non-volatile storage chip that is widely used
in embedded systems. It can keep stored data and information even when
the power is off. It can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Flash
memory was developed from EEPROM
BLU RAY DISK
THE SYSTEM BUS
 IT IS A PATH WAY COMPOSED OF CONNECTING CABLES THAT CONNECTS
THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
 DATA BUS:IT CARRIES THE DATA
 CONTROL BUS:THE CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS ARE CARRIED OUT BY
CONTROL BUS
 ADDRESS BUS:THE MEMORY ADDRESS IS CARRIED BY ADDRESS BUS.
 THE INPUT/OUTPUT BUS CONNECTS THE INPUT ,OUTPUT AND EXTERNAL
DEVICES TO THE SYSTEM .
MOBILE SYSTEM ORAGANIZATION (5m
important)
MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
 Modern mobile system are tiny computer in your hand
 A mobile system's CPU handles diverse types of applications but has a little power compared to computers as mobile system
run on battery power.

 1. Mobile Processor (Mobile CPU)

 This is the brain of a smartphone. The CPU receives commands, makes instant calculations, plays audio/video, stores
information and sends signals throughout the device.
 The CPU of a mobile system has majorly two sub processor types:
 (i) Communications Processing Unit              (ii) Applications Processing Unit(APU)

 (i) Communication Processing Unit  [Mobile System I/O Unit] This subsystem is responsible for making and receiving phone
calls on a mobile handset. It has a digital signal processor that helps it work with RF Transceiver and the Audio subsystem.
 Radio Signal Management Unit is responsible for connecting SIM(which provide a type of modern) to the base stations
through radio signals.(3G/4G/LTE based cellular networks).
 (ii) Application Processing Unit (APU) This subsystem is responsible for governing, controlling all types of operations taking
place on a mobile system by running various types of mobile applications (apps).
CONTINUED…….

 2. Display Subsystem 
 This subsystem is responsible for providing display facilities, touch sensitive
interface and touch sensitive keyboards.

 3. Camera Subsystem 
 This sub unit is designed to deliver a tightly bound image processing package
and enable an improved overall picture and video experience. It has an
integrated Image Signal Processor ensures things like instant capture, high-
resolution support, image stabilization, and other image enhancements.
 4. Mobile System Memory
 Like its other counterparts, a mobile system also needs memory to work. A
mobile system's memory is comprised of following  two types of memories :
 (i) RAM (Random Access Memory). It is a the work memory of your mobile
system. The installed mobile apps, when run, are first loaded in the RAM and
then executed. These apps remain in the RAM after you are no longer using
them and then they are shifted to background.
 (ii) ROM(Read Only Memory). The ROM (Read Only Memory) is a part of
mobile system's internal storage and it is not accessible for users to write on
and is thus referred to as Read Only Memory. The ROM is basically Flash
memory or technically EEPROM(electrically erasable and programmable read
only memory).
 5. Storage 
 The external storage of a mobile system is also called expandable storage. It
comes in the form of SD cards, or micro SD cards etc. It is the storage which
can be removed easily by you and can be used for storing pictures, music,
videos and the likes. To an extent, even the cloud storage can also be
categorized as external storage.
 6. Power Management Subsystem (battery)
 This subsystem is responsible for providing power to a mobile system. The
mobile system work on limited power provided through an attached battery
unit. This subsystem has a battery management system that works with a
battery charger and a battery unit, and provides power to the mobile system
in required form.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System software

 System software is computer software designed to operate the computer

hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide a platform for
running application software.
 definition: it controls the internal computer operations
 System software includes operating systems, servers, utilities, and window
systems. The different functions of system software are :
 1. Reading data and receiving information.
 2. Translating data and instructions .
 3. Controlling all the peripheral devices.
 4. Processing and generating output.
The system software

 The different types of system softwares are :

 Operating System
 Language Processors
 1)operating system:
 The operating system is the program which acts as the interface between a
user and the hardware.
 It controls all the components of the computer system
 It plays a major role in executing a program
Types of os

 Single user os
 Multi user os
 Time sharing
 Real time os
 Multiprocessing os
 Distributed os
Language processor
 It is special type of computer software that translates the source code to
machine code.
 Source code high level programming language
 Machine code the language that the computer understands.
 The types of language processors are
 1)assembler
 2)interpreter
 3)compiler
Application software
 The application software is a set of programs necessary to carry out the
operations for the specified application .
 Examples: medical accounting, railway reservation,billing
 1)a)packages: general application software are called as packages
 1)word processing software
 2)data base management system
 3)graphics multimedia
 4)presentation applications
1)b)utilities

 Utilities help in house keeping functions like backing up

disk ,scanning ,cleaning viruses or arranging information
 They are the helpful programs that ensure the smooth functioning of the
computer .
 Some of the utilities are
 1)Text editor
 2)backup utility
 3)compression utility
 4)disk defragmenter
 5)antivirus software
1)c)business software
 business software is developed to meet the needs of a specific business.
 Standard business softwares are available in the market but companies prefer
customized software as per their specific requirements
 Examples of the softwares are
 1)inventory management system
 2)payroll system
 3)financial accounting
 4)hotel management and reservation system
2)Software libraries

 A software library is a suite of data and programming code that is used to

develop software programs and applications. It is designed to assist both the
programmer and the programming language compiler in building and
executing software.
 Consisting of prewritten codes ,classes, functions, scripts
 For example if the program is about mathematical calculations the
programmer can just import the math library which contains all the funtions n
classes required for performing all the calculations u can just import the
library instead of writing the complex code .
 In python it has libraries like :
 Numpy
 Scipy
Thank u