NATURAL

GAS STORAGE
o There are a few types of natural gas storage

1. Storage in pipeline --- vessel storage

- Pipe array
- Line pack
2. Storage in depleted field
Underground
3. Storage in aquifer
storage/sub-
4. Storage in salt dome
Surface structure
5. Storage in carven
Pemprosesan Penghantaran Pengagihan
Punca Gas Gas Gas Gas

Telaga Gas
Tak Bersekutu

Logi Memproses
Gas
Industri

Penjanaan Kuasa

Pemampat Komersial/Domestik
Telaga Gas Lapangan Storan
Bersekutu Bawah Tanah
Eksport

Pengangkutan
Peralatan
Pemisah Proses

Minyak
 Pipe Array

- Pipes are laid in parallel and buried

- Longer length will larger volumes can be stored
- Required a large vacant site and not always suitable for
use in urban areas
- Situated close to a transmission and distribution
system to avoid compressing gas into store and to
allow the most effective use
 Line Pack Storage

o Temporary storage

o Very useful during short period of peak shaving (a

few hours)

o Can be compressed up to 1000 psia and subject to

the desire volume of gas to be stored

o Pressure will reduce when demand is high

Line Pack Concept

o Relatively easy to select a design that would provide pack

in the pipeline. This should be done by

a) increasing the operating pressure of the line but at

the same time pipe wall thickness need to be
considered as well.
b) increasing the diameter of the line
c) paralleling a portion of the line with additional pipe
d) a combination all of the above factors
 Volume (MMSCF) Volume (MMSCF) Volume (MMSCF)

1500
2000
2500
3000

0
500
1000
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000

500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000

500

0
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LUMUT PRESS.
LUMUT PRESS.

LUMUT PRESS.
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PLENTONG PRESS
Sun 19/01/2006
PLENTONG PRESS

PLENTONG PRESS
20/12/2005
20/02/2006 20/01/2006
21/12/2005
21/02/2006 21/01/2006

Pressure Profile (December 2005)

Pressure Profile (January 2006)

Pressure Profile (February 2006)

22/12/2005
22/02/2006 Sun

LINEPACK
23/12/2005
LINEPACK

LINEPACK
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31/12/2005
31/01/2006

30
40
50
60
70
30
40
50
60
70
30
40
50
60
70

Pressure (barg)
Pressure (barg) Pressure (barg)
 Line Pack Storage Capacity

o Five methods will highlight

o Derives from general flow equation

o Calculate through the differential between unpack and

pack volume

o Flow rate at pack condition is an average of minimum

and maximum flow rate per day

o Flow rate at unpack condition is a maksimum flowrate

per day

First Method

 3

3520 ΠD Tb L2
  2 2
 
 P1  P2 L  P 2   P 3 
2
V
4 x 144Pb TP12  P22   L  2 

2 



or
D 2 Tb L  P1 P2 
V 19.20 P 
 1 2 P  
Pb T  P1  P2 
 V = Cubic feet
D = Inch
L = Mile
T = Rankine
P = Psia

Example
 
A maximum flow of gas in 10 inch pipe of 50 miles is 36
MMscfd. Gas is distributed at pressure of 50 psia. Minimum
flow rate is 10 MMscfd. Gas specific gravity, gas
compressibility and gas flowing temperature is 0.60, 0.9 and
60oF, respectively. Base conditions is 14.7 psia and 60oF.
Determine volume of gas in the pipe. Assume maximum
initial pressure is 650 psia.

Solution

Using Weymouth equation, pressure at unpack condition

0.5
 2 16

 2
T P  P2 D 
Q 18.062 b  1

3

Pb ST LZ 
 
Unpack 0.5
 16 
2
36 000 000 18.062 520  P  2500 10 3 

24 14.7  0.6520500.942 

P  615.2 psia

Flow rate at pack condition

36 000 000  10 000 000
Q
2
 23 000 000 scfd

Pressure at pack condition

0.5
 16 
2
23 000 000 18.062 520  422500  P' 2  10 3 

24 14.7  0.6520500.90 

P' 2  525.3 psia

Pressure at both conditions

Pack

P1 = 650 psia, P2 = 525.3 psia

Unpack

P1 = 615.2 psia, P2 = 50 psia

Pack Terpadat
Untuk Volume

19.20100520150  650 x 525.3 

Vterpadat   650  525.3 
14.7520  650  525.3 
3
 5778173 ka

Untuk
UnpackTak Volume
Terpadat

19.2010052050  615.2 x 50 

Vtak terpadat   615.2  50 
14.7520  615.2  50 
3
 4042176 ka

maka , kapasiti
Storage storanin
capacity dalam talian paip adalah
pipeline
Vterpadat  Vtak terpadat  5778173  4042176
3
V  1736000 ka
 Second Method

Pr,1 Pr,2
  
 
 2
 Pr/Z dPr  Pr/Z dP r 
A L Z Tb Pc   0   ........ 8
V 
Pb T Pr,1 Pr,2
 

   0
Pr/Z dPr 
0  Pr/Z dP r 


V = Gas volume in pipe at Tb and Pb, ft3

A = Cross sectional area of pipe, ft2
L = Pipe length, ft
T = Gas flowing temperature, oR
Pc = Critical pressure, psia
Pb = Base pressure, psia
Tb = Base temperature, oR
Z = Average compressibility factor
Pr Pr
Nilai kamilan

0
2
Pr/Z dPr dan
0
Pr/Z dPr boleh diperolehi daripada

jadual A7 dan A6

Additional in temperature and pressure may have to

apply linear interpolation
Example
A pipe of 100 miles length and internal diameter of
13.375 inch. Inlet and outlet pressure of the pipe is
1300 psia and 300 psia, respectively. Flowing
temperature is 40oF and gas composition as shown
below.

Composition % Mole
Methane 75
Ethane 21
Propane 4

Determine a volume in the pipe in cubic feet at 60oF

and 14.65 psia whenever outlet pressure during unpack
and pack condition is 300 psia and1000 psia,
respectively. Assume gas compressibility is 1.0.
 Solution

Comp. Y MW Pc YPc Tc YTc

Methane 0.75 16 673 505 343 257
Ethane 0.21 30 708 148 550 115
Propane 0.04 44 617 25 666 26
Total 678 398

1300
Pr,1   1.91
678

300
Pr,2   0.44
678

460  40
Tr   1.25
398
Pack Condition

P1 = 1300 psia, Pr,1 = 1.91

P2 = 1000 psia, Pr,2 = 1.47

Unpack Condition

P1 = 1300 psia, Pr,1 = 1.91

P2 = 300 psia, Pr,2 =0.44
Integration value from table A-6 and A-7

 1.91 

  0
Pr/Z dPr
 Tr  1.25
 2.43

 1.47 

  0
P r/Z dPr
 Tr  1.25
 1.30

 0.44 

  0
P r/Z dPr
 Tr  1.25
 0.10

 1.91 

  0
Pr/Z2 dPr
 Tr  1.25
 4.52

 1.47 

  0
Pr/Z2 dPr
 Tr  1.25
 1.71

 0.44 

  0
Pr/Z2 dPr
 Tr  1.25
 0.032
  1.11452  5
   x 5.28 x 10 x 1 x 520 x 678
4  4.52  1.71
Vterpadat  x
14.65 x 500 2.43  1.30

7 2.81 
 2.4826 x 10 
1.13 

7 3
 6.1736 x 10 kaki

7 4.52  0.03 
Vtak terpadat  2.4826 x 10 
2.43  0.10 

7 4.49 
 2.4826 x 10 
2.33 

7 3
 4.7841 x 10 kaki

Kapasiti Storan  Vterpadat  Vtak terpadat

 6.1736  4.7841 x 107

 1.3895 x 107

13895000 kaki3

 13895 MScf
Third Method

SI Unit

0.5236  Ts   L. d 2   P13  P23 

Vs       2 2 
10 6
P Z T
 m   1
which V in sm andd ins mm.
3
P  P2 
s

Imperial Unit

 Ts   L. d 2   P13  P23 
Vs 19.2      2 2 
P Z T
 s  m   1 P  P2 
which Vs in std ft3, L in miles and d in inch

Q . .

7.575 Ts 1  P  P d 
1
2
2
2
 5 0.5

4  
10 Ps f  ZLTS 
0.5
2 x 2 5
7.575 Ts 1  P2  e .P1 .D x 
Q . . . . 
4 Ps  f x L
10  e  1 Z.T.S 
Fourth Method

 Pa x Va   Ts x Z s 
V    x  
 Ta x Z a   Ps 

which

Va = Pipe volume
Pa = Average pressure
Za = Compressibility factor
V = Volume in pipe
Ps = Standard pressure
Ts = Standard temperature
Zs = Standard compressibility
factor
G
Exercise

Pipeline with 500 km length and 914 mm diameter is

used to deliver a gas. The inlet and outlet pressure of
the gas is 70 barg and 30 barg, respectively. Gas
flowing temperature is 30oCand its composition as
follow:

Component % Mole
Methane 86
Ethane 10
Propane 4

Determine a storage capacity in the pipe as standard

conditions. Assume pack and unpack condition is
having similar inlet pressure of 70 barg and the outlet
pressure is 50 barg dan 30 barg, respectively.

a) Apply all methods of calculation

b) Compare the gathered value and give your
comments
 Question
  Natural gas is distributed to customers at 36 x 106 std
m3/day through a distribution pipeline system of 30
km length and 900 mm internal diameter. Operation
pressure in the pipeline supplied from City Gate is 10
bar. If the maintenance of pipeline is to be planned,
the gas supplier will perform the compression process
by increasing the pressure level at the metering
station. The minimum discharge of gas after
compression process is 10 x 106 std m3/day. If the
barometric pressure is 1.0 bar, maximum allowable
operating pressure is 90 bar, flowing temperature is
25oC, gas viscosity is 0.01055 centipoises, gas
compressibility factor is 0.94, pipe roughness is 0.18
mm, standard condition is 15oC and 1.013 bar and gas
composition is as shown in Table 2, calculate
a) The capacity of gas stored in the pipeline due
to compression process
b) The required time for maintenance job if the
gas load to the customers is 5 x 104 std m3/hr
Composition Percent Critical Critical
Volume Temperature Pressure
(oF) (Psia)
Methane 86 -116.67 866.4
Ethane 8 89.92 706.5
Propane 6 206.06 616.0
Comp %Vol Pc (psia) Tc(R ) MW YMW YPc YTc
C1 86 866.4 343.33 16 13.76 745.104 295.264
C2 8 706.5 549.92 30 2.4 56.52 43.994
C3 6 616 666.06 44 2.64 36.96 39.964

18.8 838.584 379.221

AMW 18.8
SG    0.65
MWair 28.96

Qmax  Qmin 36  10x10 6

Q pack  
2 2
 23x10 6 std m 3 / day
 9.583 x10 5 std m 3 / hr
36 x10 6
Qunpack  Qmax   1.5 x10 6 std m 3 / hr
24
QS
Re  433.21
d
Q pack S
Re pack  33.21
d
9.583x10 5 x0.65
 33.21
900 x0.01055
 28.42 x10 6
Qunpack S
Re unpack  33.21
d
1.5 x10 6 x0.65
 33.21
900 x0.01055
 44.48 x10 6
 0.18
  0.0002
d 900
f pack  0.0143
f unpack  0.0140
Q

7.575 Ts 1  P12  P22 d 5 
. .
 0.5

 
104 Ps f  ZLTS 

Q pack 

7.575 Ts 1  P12  P22 d 5 
. .
 0.5

4  
10 Ps f  ZLTS 

9.583x10  5 7.575 288.15

. .
1  912  P22 9005 
  0.5

 
10 4 1.013 0.0143  0.94x 30000x 298.15x 0.65 
P2 pack  75.25 bara

Q unpack 

7.575 Ts 1  P12  P22 d 5 
. .
 0.5

 
104 Ps f  ZLTS 

6
1.5x10 
7.575 288.15
. .
1 

2
P1  112 9005 

  0.5

104 1.013 0.0143  0.94x 30000x 298.15x 0.65 

P1unpack  85.23 bara
Pack
P1  90 bar  91bara
P2  75.25 bars
2  913  75.253 
Pavg   2 2
 83.37bara
3  91  75.25 
838.584x1.013
 YPc  14.73
 57.67bara

Pavg 83.37
Pr    1.44
 c
YP 57 . 67
Unpack
P1  85.23bara
P2  10 bar  11bara
2  85.233  113 
Pavg     57.66bara
3  85.23 2  11 2 
838.584 x1.013
 YP c 
14.73
 57.67bara

Pavg 57.66
Pr    1.0
 c
YP 57 . 67
 YT c  379.221  460  80.779 o F
5
  80.779  32
9
  62.655 o C
T 25  273.15
Tr    1.42
 c
YT  62 .655  273 . 15
Jadi
Z pack  0.835
Z unpack  0.88
0.5236  Ts  L.d 2  P13  P23 
Vs     2 
10 6  Ps  Z mT P
 1  P 2 
2 

0.5236  288.15  30000 x900 2  913  75.25 3 

Vspack     2 
10  1.013  0.835 x 298.15  91  75.25 2
6

 1.818 x10 6 std m 3
0.5236  288.15  30000 x900 2  85.233  113 
Vsunpack  6    2 2

10  1 . 013  0 . 88 x 298 . 15  85.23  11 
 1.193 x10 6 std m 3
V  VsPack  VsUnpack  0.625 x10 6 std m 3
V 0.625 x10 6
t   12.5 hr
Q 5 x10 4
 Example

Natural gas is distributed to customers at 8 tones per hours

through a distribution pipeline system of 60.7 km length
and 1200 mm internal diameter. The operation pressure in
the pipeline supplied from City Gate is 20 bar. If the
maintenance of pipeline is to be planned, the gas supplier
will perform the compression process by increasing the
pressure level at a compressor station. The minimum
discharge of gas after the compression process is 6 tones per
hours. If the barometric pressure is 1.1 bar, maximum
allowable operating pressure is 90 bar, flowing temperature
is 20oC, gas viscosity is 0.01055 centipoises, average gas
compressibility factor is 0.94, average pressure is 70 bar,
density of air is 1.248 kg/m3, pipe roughness is 0.18 mm,
standard conditions are 15oC and 1.013 bar and gas
composition is as shown in Table 2, calculate
a) Flow regime for the both flow conditions
b) The capacity of gas stored in the pipeline due to compression
process
c) The required time for maintenance work

Composition Percent Volume Critical Temperature Critical

(oF) Pressure
(Psia)
Methane 86 -116.67 866.4
Ethane 8 89.92 706.5
Propane 6 206.06 616.0

290 310
m m
L3 = 23 km
L1 = 17.5
km 270
m
200 m above datum
 Pc
Comp %Vol (psia) Tc(R ) MW YMW YPc YTc
745.10
C1 86 866.4 343.33 16 13.76 4 295.264

C2 8 706.5 549.92 30 2.4 56.52 43.994

C3 6 616 666.06 44 2.64 36.96 39.964

18.8 838.584 379.221

AMW 18.8
SG    0.65
MWair 28.96
8 x10 3
Qmax  8 x 10 3 kg / h   9.862 x10 3 m 3 / hr
0.8112
3 6 x 10 3
Qmin  6 x10 kg / h   7.396 x 10 3 m 3 / hr
0.8112
 gas  SG x  air  0.65 x1.248  0.8112 kg / m 3
Qact xP 9.862 x103 x 71.1
Qs max    7.374 x105 std m 3 / hr
1.013 x Z 1.013x0.94
Qact xP 7.396 x10 3 x71.1
Qs min    5.522 x105 std m 3 / hr
1.013 x Z 1.013x0.94
 Q max  Q min 7.364  5.522x105
Q pack  
2 2
 6.443 x105 std m 3 / hr
Q unpack  Q max  7.364x105 std m 3 / hr
QS
Re  433.21
d
Q packS
Re pack  433.21
d
6.433x105 x 0.65
 433.21
1200x 0.01055
1.43x107
Q unpackS
Re unpack  433.21
d
7.364x105 x 0.65
 433.21
1200x 0.01055
1.64x107
 0.18
  0.0002
d 900
f pack  0.0244
f unpack  0.0244
Q

7.575 Ts 1  P12  e x P22 d 5 
. .
 0.5

 
10 4 Ps f  ZTSLe 

L e   Li
xi
e 1  
xi
6.834 SH i
Xi 
10 2 TZ
6.834 0.6590 
X1   1.5957 x10  4 90   0.01436
10 2 296.150.94 
X 2  1.5957 x10  4  20   0.0031914
X 3  1.5957 x10  4 40   0.0063828
e x1  1 e 0.01436  1
  0.00721
x1 0.01436
ex2 1
 0.998406
x2
e x3  1
 1.0031982
x3
L e  17.51.00721  20.2 0.998406   231.0031982   60.8678 km
e x1  e 0.014360.0031914 0.0063828  1.017706
Pack

6.443x10 
7.575 288.15
5
. .
1   
91.12  1.017706P22 12005 
0 .5

4  0.94 x 296.15x 0.65x 60.8678x103 

10 1.013 0.0244  
P2 pack  84.89 bara
Unpack

7.364x10 
7.575 288.15
5
. .
1 

 
P1  1.01770621.1 12005 
2 2 0 .5

4 3
10 1.013 0.0244  0.94 x 296.15x 0.65x 60.8678x10 
P1unpack  41.41 bara
Pack
P1  90 bar  91.1bara
P2  84.89 bara
2  91.13  84.893 
Pavg     88.03bara
3  91.12  84.89 2 
838.584 x1.013
 YP c 
14.73
 57.67 bara

Pavg 88.03
Pr    1.53
 YPc 57.67
Unpack
P1  41.41bara
P2  20 bar  21.1bara
2  41.4113  21.13 
Pavg     32.35bara
3  41.412  21.12 
838.584 x1.013
 YP c 
14.73
 57.67 bara

Pavg 32.35
Pr    0.56
 c
YP 57 . 67
 YT c  379.221  460  80.779o F
5
 80.779  32

9
  62.655o C
T 23  273.15
Tr    1.41
 c
YT  62 . 655  273 . 15
Jadi
Z pack  0.815
Z unpack  0.930
0.5236  Ts  L.d 2  P13  P23 
Vs     2 
10 6  Ps  m  P1  P2
Z T 2

0.5236  288.15  60.7 x103 x1200 2  91.13  84.893 
Vspack     
10 6  1.013  0.815x 296.15 2
 91.1  84.89
2

 7.12 x10 6 std m 3
0.5236  288.15  60.7 x103 x1200 2  41.413  21.13 
Vsunpack     
10 6  1.013  0.930 x 296.15 2
 41.41  121.1
2

 2.29 x10 6 std m 3
V  VsPack  VsUnpack  4.83x10 6 std m 3
V 4.83x10 6
t   6.6 hr
Q max 7.364x105
UNDERGROUND STORAGE

Storage Segment

Kapasiti Tak Guna

SG Gas Kerja T TVS
Kusyen Gas Disuntik
C Gas Native

Kapasiti Kapasiti
KapasitiTak
TakGuna
Guna Tak Guna

Gas Disuntik
Gas
Kerja

Jumlah
Kapasiti
Reserbor

Kusyen Gas Disuntik

Kusyen
Gas

Kusyen Gas Native

Basic Storage Operations

Concept: Inject gas into depleted gas or oil

reservoir

General guidelines of reservoir characteristics

that suitable for gas storages

1. Information on storage capacity –

injection and discharge amount

2. Requirement of equipments or control

systems – to avoid any gas loss or
migrate away of the reservoir

3. Information on delivery capacity – to

sustain the rate of distribution to
customers
Based on the above three basic principles then the
reservoirs must have below characteristics.

1. Have a cap rock to avoid leakage and

pressure loss

2. Reservoir rock should have very high porosity

and permeability

3. The depth of the formation structure should

suitable to sustain the required pressure

4. Water influx into reservoir is controllable

5. Reservoir should have a thick based foundation

compare to horizontal formation

6. More preferable to non oil base formation

 Advantages of Gas Field Depleted
Reservoir

1. Gas field are known to be tight

2. Physical properties of the field are known

from years of production data

3. The development of aquifer is more

expensive – required investigation and
testing

- Not all existing gas field or aquifer suitable

for storage : different operating conditions
and aquifer has previously held water
 Depleted Reservoir Storage (Gas or Oil or
Combination)

Priority to gas depleted reservoir

Oil reservoir also popular previously since its possible to

increase oil production through secondary method

Less priority of oil storage:

- Increase in oil price
- Limited oil resources
- New technology in oil production: secondary
and tertiary method

Reservoir Gas Capacity

The amount of gas in reservoir can be calculated by

P Tb
G  43560 Ah1  Sw .......................9
Pb T Z
G = Gas in place at Pb and Tb, ft3
A = Reservoir area, acre
h = Average of reservoir thickness, ft
 = Average of porosity
Sw = Average of water saturation
P = Reservoir pressure, psia
Pb = Base pressure, psia
Tb = Base temperature, oR
Z = Gas compressibility factor

In practical:

Only 50% of GIIP can be used (working gas)

and the balance is behaves as a cushion gas
(native gas)
Flow in Gas Well

SI Unit
0.5
2 x 2 5
7.575 Ts 1  P2  e .P1 .D x 
Q . . . . 
4 Ps  f
 e  1 Z.T.S L 
x
10

6.834 S.H
x .
2 T.Z
10

Imperial Unit
0.5
Ts 1  P22  ex .P21 .D5 x 
Q 1.616. . .  . 
Ps  f x
 e  1 Z.T.S L 

S.H
x  0.0375
T.Z
Vertical flow normally happen in production tubing
and can be analyzed using general gas flow equation –
rearrange based on well conditions

Tubing head pressure (t.h.p)

Bottom hole pressure (b.h.p)

When we shut the well

Bottom hole pressure = P2

Tubing head pressure = P1
Flow rate = 0

0.5
7.575 Ts 1  P22 x
e . P21 .D5 
. . .   0
4 P s  f  Z.T.S.Le 
10

Then, 2 x 2
P2  e . P1
x/2
P2  e . P1
6.834 S.H
x  .
2 T.Z
10
Example

Gas mempunyai spesifik graviti 0.65 dikeluarkan pada

kadar 2 x 105 std m3/jam dari telaga yang mempunyai
kedalaman 900 m dengan tetiub bersaiz 200 mm
secara menegak.
i. Kira tekanan pada dasar telaga jika tekanan kepala
telaga adalah 150 bar.
ii. Kira tekanan statik dasar lubang bila telaga ditutup
dan membenarkan tekanan kepala telaga menjadi
stabil iaitu 200 bar,

Ambil purata faktor ketermampatan 0.86, purata suhu

300 K dan faktor geseran 0.004.
Penyelesaian

a) Tekanan Aliran Dasar Lubang

6.834 S.H
x .
2 T.Z
10
6.834 0.65 x 900
 .
2 300 x 0.86
 0.155
10

x x
Oleh yang demikian e  1.168 dan e  1  0.168

Gantikan ke dalam persamaan umum aliran

memberikan
0.5
7.575 288.15 1  P 22 2 5
 1.168 x 151 .200 0.155 
5
2 x 10  . .  . 
10 4 1.013  0.004  0.168 x 0.86 x 300 x 0.65 900 

Apabila disusun memberikan

P2  280360.5
167.4 bar mutlak
Tekanan Statik Dasar Lubang

P2  e0.155/2 x 201
 217.2 bar mutlak
Storan Akuifer

Jika tidak terdapat reserbor tersusut gas atau minyak

maka pertimbangan diberikan kepada akuifer sebagai
storan berikutnya

Telaga Suntikan atau Pengeluaran Gas

Permukaan Tanah

Formasi Batuan Tutup

Batuan Tutup
Storan Gas

Gas Kusyen

Sentuhan air/gas
Air
Air
Ujian akan dikendalikan bagi menentukan kesesuaian
struktur agar dapat memegang gas tanpa berlaku
sebarang kebocoran

Ciri-ciri akuifer mestilah :

1. Mempunyai lapisan yang cukup besar. Ini bertujuan

agar dapat menyimpan banyak gas.

2.Batuan mempunyai porositi yang sesuai. Ini

membolehkan air ditekan atau ditolak keluar apabila
gas disuntik

3. Struktur lapisan mestilah berbentuk kubah

4. Akuifer mestilah tertutup dalam semua arah

5. Wujudnya lapisan tak telap pada bahagian atas

lapisan akuifer

6. Akuifer mestilah dalam bentuk selanjar iaitu tidak

ada gelinciran batuan.
Pembentukan Storan Gelembung

Bila gas dialirkan menerusi batuan poros yang

berketepuan air, ia tidak boleh menganjak semua air
daripada pori batuan. Ini kerana air tersebut adalah air
kekal yang dikenali sebagai ‘connate water’ (air
tersekap).

Ketepuan air berubah dari 15% hingga 30% daripada

ruang pori batuan dalam sesuatu akuifer

Ketepuan ini mestilah dipertimbangkan dalam

penganggaran jumlah gas dalam akuifer

Storan gelembung adalah zon tertepu gas yang

dikelilingi oleh air tersekap termampat - batuan tepu

Air Konet Termampat

- Batuan Tertepu

Gas

Gas dan Air

Akuifer adalah dianggapkan terlalu besar
dibandingkan dengan storan gelembung

Ia terjadi bila gas disuntik ke dalam akuifer, di mana

gas akan menganjak air secara seragam dalam semua
arah

Perkembangan storan gelembung pada kadar tetap

akan menyebabkan air teranjak pada kadar yang tetap,
ew.

Tekanan reserbor dan kumulatif air influk apabila

dilakukan suntikan atau pengeluaran gas boleh
ditentukan melalui cara-cara berikut:

a) Kira masa tak berdimensi, tD iaitu

6.33 x 103 K t
tD ............................20
2
C rb
dengan
K = Ketertelapan formasi, milidarcy
t = Masa, hari
 = Kelikatan air, centipoise
 = Pecahan porositi formasi
rb = Jejari gelembung gas, kaki
C = Kebolehmampatan air termasuk
formasi, isipadu/isipadu. psi

b) Kira nilai tekanan tak berdimensi, PD.

Nilai masa tak berdimensi tD digunakan untuk

mencari nilai tekanan tak berdimensi PD. Nilai
ini diperolehi melalui merujuk kepada jadual 7.2.

c) Kira nilai tekanan, P

25.15ew  P D
P  Po  ................................21
Kh
dengan
Po = Tekanan permulaan reserbor, psia
ew = Pemalar kadar influk air ke
dalam gelembung gas cfd (positif jika
air bergerak kehadapan gelembung
dan negatif jika air bergerak menjauhi
gelembung gas)
PD = Tekanan tak berdimensi
h = Ketebalan akuifer, kaki
K = Ketertelapan formasi, milidarcy
 = Kelikatan air, centipoise

d) Kumulatif air influk, We

2
We  6.283  C rb h P  Po  QD ......................22

We = Kumulatif air influk, kaki padu

QD = Influk air tak berdimensi

Nilai influk air tak berdimensi QD boleh

didapati secara terus dengan merujuk kepada
Jadual 7.3.
 Table 7.2
Table of Dimensionless Pressure PD for Infinite Radial
Aquifer, Constant Terminal Rate
Dimensionless Time TD Pressure Change Dimensionless Time TD Pressure Change
PD PD

0 0 2 1.0195
0.0005 0.0250 3 1.1665
0.001 0.0352 4 1.2750
0.002 0.0495 5 1.3625
0.003 0.0606 6 1.4362
       
0.004 0.0694 7 1.4997
0.005 0.0774 8 1.5557
0.006 0.0845 9 1.6057
0.007 0.0911 10 1.6504
0.008 0.0971 15 1.8294
       
0.009 0.1028 20 1.9601
0.01 0.1081 30 2.1470
0.015 0.1312 40 2.2824
0.02 0.1503 50 2.3884
0.025 0.1669 60 2.4758
       
0.03 0.1818 70 2.5501
0.04 0.2077 80 2.6147
0.05 0.2301 90 2.6718
0.06 0.2500 100 2.7233
0.07 0.2680 150 2.9212
       
0.08 0.2845 200 3.0636
0.09 0.2999 250 3.1726
0.1 0.3144 300 3.2630
0.15 0.3750 350 3.3394
0.2 0.4241 400 3.4057
       
0.3 0.5024 450 3.4641
0.4 0.5645 500 3.5164
0.5 0.6167 550 3.5643
0.6 0.6622 600 3.6076
0.7 0.7024 650 3.6476
       
0.8 0.7387 700 3.6842
0.9 0.7716 750 3.7184
1.0 0.8019 800 3.7505
1.2 0.8672 850 3.7805
1.4 0.9160 900 3.8088
       
- - 950 3.8355
- - 1000 3.8584
       
 Table 7.3
 
Table of Dimensionless Water Influx, QD for Infinite Radial
Aquifer, Constant Terminal Pressure
Dimensionl Fluid Dimensionl Fluid Dimensionl Fluid Dimensionl Fluid
ess Influx QD ess Influx QD ess Influx QD ess Influx QD
Time TD Time TD Time TD Time TD

0.00 0.000 41 21.298 96 41.735 355 121.966

0.01 0.112 42 21.701 97 42.084 360 123.403
0.05 0.278 43 22.101 98 42.433 365 124.838
0.10 0.404 44 22.500 99 42.781 370 125.270
0.15 0.520 45 22.897 100 43.129 375 127.699
               
0.20 0.606 46 23.291 105 44.858 380 129.126
0.25 0.689 47 23.684 110 46.574 385 130.550
0.30 0.758 48 24.076 115 48.277 390 131.972
0.40 0.898 49 24.466 120 49.968 395 133.391
0.50 1.020 50 24.855 125 51.648 400 134.808
               
0.60 1.140 51 25.244 130 53.317 405 136.223
0.70 1.251 52 25.633 135 54.976 410 137.635
0.80 1.359 53 26.020 140 56.625 415 139.045
0.90 1.469 54 26.406 145 58.265 420 140.453
    55 26.791 150 59.895 425 141.859
               
1 1.569 56 27.174 155 61.517 430 143.262
2 2.447 57 27.555 160 63.131 435 144.684
3 3.202 58 27.935 165 64.737 440 146.064
4 3.893 59 28.314 170 66.336 445 147.461
5 4.539 60 28.691 175 67.928 450 148.838
               
6 5.153 61 29.068 180 69.512 455 150.249
7 5.743 62 29.443 185 71.090 460 151.640
     
Contoh

Data-data berikut adalah diperolehi daripada catatan

pengeluaran.

Po = 900 psia h = 100 kaki rb = 2000

kaki
K = 500 md C = 6 x 10-6/psi  = 0.16
 = 1 cp ew = 60 000 kaki padu pori/hari

Kira tekanan reserbor pada masa 30 hari, 60 hari, 120

hari, 180 hari dan 300 hari selepas permulaan suntikan
gas. Anggapkan akuifer tidak terhad dan prestasi boleh
dianggapkan sebagai model jejari.

Penyelesaian

1. Masa tak berdimensi tD untuk nilai masa t adalah:

0.00633 K t 0.00633500 t
tD  2
 6 2
  C rb 1 0.16 6 x 10  2000
 0.824 t
2. Tekanan reserbor, P

25.15 ew PD
P  Po 
Kh
25.1560 0001 PD
 900 
500 100
 900  30.18 PD

Masa tD = 0.824t PD P = 900 + 30.18 PD

(Hari) (Psia)

30 25 2.054 962.0

60 49 2.378 971.8

120 99 2.718 982.0

180 148 2.913 987.9

300 247 3.166 995.6

Contoh
Storan reserbor gas asli adalah bersentuhan dengan
akuifer yang besarnya tak terhingga. Data-data reserbor
tersebut adalah seperti yang disenaraikan
Po= 1700 psia K = 100 md
h = 50 kaki  = 0.15
P = 1690 psia (untuk pengeluaran 3 bulan
pertama)
rb = 5000 kaki  = 1 cp
C = 7 x 10-6/psi

Kira kumulatif air influk ke dalam pasir gas semasa

tempoh 3 bulan pengeluaran pertama.

Penyelesaian

We  6.283  C r2b h P  Po  QD
 6.2830.157 x 106 50002 50 1700  1690 QD
 82500QD

QD adalah berfungsikan kepada tD, maka untuk 3 bulan, t

= 90 hari.
 0.0063310090
tD  6 2
10.157 x 10 5000
 2.17

untuk tD  2.17, QD  2.575 Jadual 7.2. Oleh yang demikian,

We  82500 2.575
3
 212400 kaki

Storan Kubah Garam

Kegunaan pertama storan kubah garam adalah pada

tahun 1961 di Michigan di mana storan tersebut
berkapasiti 341 MMcf dengan tekanan 1100 psia
sementara tekanan talian 150 psi.

Konsep pembinaan dan penggunaan storan jenis ini

adalah sama seperti storan untuk gas petroleum
cecair

Contoh pembinaan storan gas asli jenis ini adalah

seperti rajah yang ditunjukkandi bawah.
 Talian Paip Gas

Peralatan Suntikan Gas

P e n j er a p
Pemanas

G ly co l
Gas

Peralatan Pengeluaran Gas

Kolam Air Garam

atau Brine

Teknik Pengembagan Gas Teknik Anjakan Brine

Kos pengendalian storan jenis ini bergantung

kepada faktor-faktor berikut

1. Saiz storan
2. Geologi
- Kedalaman kubah garam
- Kedalaman batuan tutup
3. Kos telaga
4. Peralatan permukaan
5. Kaedah pengurusan air garam atau brine
Darjah kecerunan tekanan adalah faktor yang
terpenting yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam storan
kubah garam

Darjah kecerunan juga merupakan batasan kepada

storan jenis ini

Biasanya kecerunan tekanan dalam gua kubah garam

adalah 0.8 psi/kaki maksimum di bawah selonsong
yang terakhir. Dan ia mestilah lebih besar atau
menyamai tekanan hidrostatik.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan skematik digram had

kecerunan tekanan kubah garam.

1000

Geostatik (Overburden)
800 - 1 psi/kaki
K edalam an (kaki)

600

400

Gua - 0.8 psi/kaki

200
Tekanan Hidrostatik
- 0.4 psi/kaki
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Tekanan (psi)
Storan Gua Lombong Secara Lazim

Gua dalam kes ini dibuat dengan menggunakan teknik-

teknik perlombongan piawai bawah tanah

Kaedah ini lebih mahal berbanding dengan gua larutan tetapi

boleh digunakan kepada sebarang kebanyakan lokasi

Gua secara normalnya dikorek dengan menggunakan gerudi

dan letupan

Storan jenis ini hanya sebanyak 4% di Amerika

Syarikat dan 0.1% di Kanada

Kos pengendalian berdasarkan kepada faktor-faktor

berikut:

1. Geologi
- Kedalaman batuan dasar
- Kedalaman 'water table'
- Kos kawalan air
- Kos penggerudian dan letupan
- Kos 'ground support'
2. Pembuangan batuan yang telah dikorek

3. Kadar buruh tempatan

4. Kesediaan kecekapan buruh mahir

Storan Lombong Terubahsuai

Storan ini dilakukan melalui pengubahsuaian gua

galian kepada gua storan

Storan jenis ini pertama sekali dilakukan di Colorado

pada tahun 1959 - 1963

Gas yang disimpan dalam lombong ini hanyalah pada

relatifnya bertekanan rendah

Tekanan gas dalam lombong kekal di bawah tekanan

hidrostatik