INTROGRAPHS

INTRODUCTION TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING

1. Hypothesis
Is a tentative, testable assertion regarding the occurrence of certain behaviors,
phenomena, or events; a prediction of study outcomes.
Two types of hypotheses
1. Null hypothesis, Ho
2. Alternative hypothesis, Ha
Ho, There is nothing new happening. The old theory is still true
.Ha, the new theory is true
2. Level of Significance
3. Test Statistics and compute
4. Formulate the decision rule
5. Interpret the result and make an implication
EXAMPLE
Specifically, this study will be sought answers to the following
questions:
1.What is the level of teachers’ competence in teaching Algebra as perceived
by first year college students when taken as a group and when categorized
according to variables gender, employment status of parent and monthly family
income?
2. Are there significant differences in the teachers’ competence in
teaching Algebra as perceived by first year college students when they
are classified according to the categories of variables gender,
employment status of parent, and monthly family income?
3.What is the level of academic performance of the first year college
students when taken as a group and when categorized according to
variables gender, employment status of parent, and monthly family
income?
4. Are there significantFrequency
Constructing differences inDistribution
academic performance of first year college
students when they are classified according to the categories of variables gender,
employment status of parent, and monthly family income? `

5. Is there a significant relationship between the teachers’ competence in teaching

Algebra as perceived by first year college students and their academic performance
when categorized according to variables gender, employment status of parent and
monthly family income?
Null Hypothesis
 
Based on the aforementioned questions, the researcher formulated the following
hypotheses:

1. There are no significant differences in the teachers’ competence in teaching

Algebra as perceived by first year college students when they are classified
according to the categories of variables gender, employment status of parent and
monthly family income.

2. There are no significant differences in the academic performance of the first year
college students when they are classified according to the categories of variables
gender, employment status of parent, and monthly family income.
3. There is no significant relationship between the teachers’ competence in teaching
Algebra as perceived by first year college students and their academic performance
when they are classified according to the categories of variables gender, employment
status of parent, and monthly family income.
 Level of Significance
Level of Significance Symbol
The level of significance is denoted by the Greek symbol α (alpha).
Therefore, the level of significance is defined as follows:
Significance Level = p (type I error) = α

The values or the observations are less likely when they are farther than the
mean. The results are written as “significant at x%”.

Example: The value significant at 5% refers to p-value is less than 0.05 or p

< 0.05. Similarly, significant at the 1% means that the p-value is less than
0.01.
https://byjus.com/maths/level-of-significance/
EXAMPLE:
Significant Differences in the Level of Effectiveness of Government’s
Campaign Against Illegal Fishing When They Were
Classified According to Variables

Table 5 presents the differences in the respondents’ perception toward the

effectiveness of government’s campaign against illegal fishing when they were
classified to certain variables.

When the respondents were classified according to gender, the findings of the
study revealed that the male and female respondents had means of 16.30 and
23.75 respectively. The computed z value of -1.820 is not beyond the critical
value of -1.96 at 5% level of significance. The drawn P-value was 0.073, thus the
null hypothesis was accepted. This means that there is no significant difference in
the barangay officials’ view on the effectiveness of government campaign against
illegal fishing in the municipality of Estancia, Iloilo when they were grouped
according to gender.
With regards to age variable, the table shows that the computed z-value
of -2.825 is beyond the critical value of -1.96, at 5% level of
significance. The drawn P-value was 0.004. With this data, it is implied
that the age of the respondents had an influence on their view regarding
the effectiveness of government’s campaign against illegal fishing.

When grouped according to variable civil status, the result of the study
indicated that the computed z-value of -1.238 was not beyond the
critical value of -1.96, at 5% level of significance. The drawn P-value
was 0.222. The data hinted the researchers that there is no significant
difference on the views of the respondents on the effectiveness of
government’s campaign against illegal fishing in the municipality of
Estancia, Iloilo.
 Table 4

Differences in the Effectiveness of Government Campaign Against Illegal Fishing in the

Five Barangays in the Municipality of Estancia, Iloilo when Classified According to
Gender, Age and Civil Status.
Mean Sum of Mann- Wilcoxon
Variables N Rank Ranks Whitney U W Z P- Remarks

Value
Gender:                
Male 27 16.30 440.00 62.00 440.000 -1.820 0.073 Not Significant
Female 8 23.75 190.00
Total 35

Age:            
Younger 28 15.57 436.00          
Older 7 27.71 194.00 30.00 436.000 -2.825 0.004 Significant
Total 35    

Civil Status:              
Single 21 16.26 341.50      
Married 14 20.61 288.50 110.500 341.500 -1.238 0.222 Not Significant
Total 35