Computer Fundamental

lecturer: Nguyễn Hoàng Anh Vũ

Email: vunha2@fe.edu.vn

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1. Introduction to computers

2. Introduction to numbering systems and units

3. Exercise

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Introduction to computers

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 1. Introduction to computers
 A computer is an electronic device used to calculate and
process data according to a pre-programmed program.
 Computers come in many different forms, expressed in
terms of size, shape, working ability, practical application,
etc.
The computer has the following basic functions:
Data processing
Data saving
Data migration
Data import/export
Manage and control equipment and machines

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 1. Introduction to computers
Stages of computer development
Phase 1 (1945-1958): using vacuum lamp technology.
Phase 2 (1959-1964): using semiconductor technology.
Phase 3 (1965-1974): using integrated circuit technology.
Phase 4 (1975-present): integrated circuit technology with high and
super high density.

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 1. Introduction to computers
Stages of computer development
Phase 1 (1945-1958): using vacuum lamp technology.

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 1. Introduction to computers
Stages of computer development
Phase 2 (1959-1964): using semiconductor technology.

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 1. Introduction to computers
Stages of computer development
Phase 3 (1965-1974): using integrated circuit technology.

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 1. Introduction to computers
Stages of computer development
Phase 4 (1975-present): integrated circuit technology with high and
super high density.

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 1. Introduction to computers

I. Concepts
Hardware : is the physical devices
of computer.
Software: are programs designed
to contain instructions to help the
hardware work for the needs of the
user.
Software is divided into two
categories:
 System Software (System Software)
 Application Software (Application
Software)
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 1. Introduction to computers
PC (Personal Computer): personal computer
Monitor: monitor
Keyboard: keyboard, mouse: mouse
Case: chassis
Mainboard
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
PSU (Power Supply Unit)
Bus, cache, chip, BIOS (Basic Input-Output System)
Chipset: Device control chip
FSB, BSB, socket, slot, expansion card… 11
 Hardware
1. Case: is a bracket for attaching other components
of the machine and protect the equipment.

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 Hardware

Power supply: is a device

that converts AC into DC
power to supply hardware
components.

Mainboard: is the
intermediate device to
connect all other hardware
devices of the machine

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 Hardware

Inside the Motherboard:

1. Chipset: controls all activities of the mainboard.
2. Interface with CPU: The part that helps the
processor connect to the Mainboard.
There are 2 forms:
Slot form (Slot) in the middle of the mainboard used for old
PII, PIII.
The form of a forbidden foot (socket) is a square block
consisting of many pins. Currently using socket 370, 478,
755 corresponding to the number of CPU pins.
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 Hardware

3. AGP Slot - Array Graphic Adapter :

4. RAM Slot.

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 Hardware

Outside Mainboard :

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 Hardware

1. PS/2 Port : Cổng gắn chuột và bàn phím.

2. USB Port : USB – Universal Serial Bus
Cổng vạn năng.
3. COM Port : COM – Communications
Cổng tuần tự.
4. LPT Port : LPT - Line Printer Terminal
• Cổng song song, cổng cái, cổng máy in.

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 Hardware

5. VGA Card : VGA - Video Graphic Adapter Video Card.

It is the communication device between the screen
and the motherboard.
Capacity, indicating image processing capacity in MB
(64MB, 128MB, 512MB, 1GB)
There are two types of video cards:

- Disc type: AGP, or PCI Express

- Integrated form on the circuit (onboard)

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 Hardware

VGA

VGA SLOT AGP VGA SLOT PCI

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 Hardware
HDD: stands for Hard Disk Drive
- The structure consists of many
circular disks stacked on top of
each other with a rotating motor in
the middle and a reader that
rotates around the platters to read
and write data.
- Features of HDD: Capacity in MB,
and rotation speed in revolutions
per minutes (rpm). Currently on
the market there are 2 speeds
5400rpm, 7200rpm. 20
 Hardware
RAM : Random Access Memory
Random access memory, storing instructions
of CPU, active applications…
Capacity in MB, data transfer rate (Bus) in Mhz
Currently, there are 2 types:
SDRAM:

There are 168 pins, 2 slots cut in the pin part. Bus speed
is usually: 100Mhz, 133Mhz, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB
capacity (only for socket 370 mainboard using CPU PII,
Celeron, PIII). 21
 Hardware
RAM : RAM – Random Access Memory
 DDRAM:
There are 184 pins, only 1 slot cut in the pin part. Bus
speeds are usually: 266Mhz, 333Mhz and 400Mhz.
128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1Ghz capacity.
DDRAM is compatible with socket 478, 775 mainboards
(used with Celeron socket 478, PIV CPUs).

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 Hardware
CPU : Center Processor Unit.
- Microprocessor, central processing unit.
- Processor speed in MHz, GHz
- Data transfer rate with mainboard Bus: Mhz
- Cache –L2 Cache.
Currently, the two biggest CPU manufacturers are
AMD & Intel

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Numbering systems and units

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2. Numbering systems and units

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 2. Numbering systems and units

Binary is a numbering system that uses two characters

to represent a number. Those two characters are 0
and 1.

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 2. Numbering systems and units

Convert system 2 to system 10

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 Bài tập:

51
127
153
116
255
15
143
240
112
238
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 01001011 75 10101010 170

10101111 175 01011101 93

01011111 95 01101011 107

11010001 209 01010100 84

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 2. Numbering systems and units

Convert system 10 to system 2

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 Bài tập:

00101001
01000011
0101011`0
01100100
01101111
01111111
10010000
10111101
11001000
11111111
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 99 01100011 186 10111010

223 11011111 92 01011100

79 01001111 123 01111011

145 10010001 202 11001010

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 2. Numbering systems and units

The hexadecimal system

(hex) is a base 16 system
and therefore needs to use
16 different 'values'

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 2. Numbering systems and units

16 10
2

0914923 10011110100100100011

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 2. Numbering systems and units

Convert system 2 to system 16

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 EXAMPLE:

•11001011110 65E

•100011101011 8EB

•1110010111 397
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 EXAMPLE:

C3
F7
27F
4EE
1E1
89E
4FE
E9C
FF7D
67AE

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• A 11011011110111 36F7
• B 1101010111101 1ABD
• C 11000010101101 30AD
• D 101010111001011 55CB
• E 1100010111101101 C5EB
• F 1100010101111111101 62BFD
• G 1100001001101 184D
• H 101010100101100 552C
• I 110001011011010 62DA
• J 1100010101111101 C57D 38
 2. Numbering systems and units

Convert system 16 to system 2

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 EXAMPLE:

•D59 110101011001

•5CF 010111001111

•DA 11011010
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 EXAMPLE

01101100
01011001
10101010
10100000000
010000001110
101110100110
100111001100
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• A 36F7 11011011110111
• B 1ABD 1101010111101
• C 30AD 11000010101101
• D 55CB 101010111001011
• E C5EB 1100010111101101
• F 62BFD 1100010101111111101
• G 184D 1100001001101
• H 552C 101010100101100
• I 62DA 110001011011010
• J C57D
1100010101111101 42
IP : Internet Protocol - giao thức Internet

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•192. 168. 10. 224
11000000. 10101000. 00001010. 11100000
•166. 69. 242. 44
10100110. 01000101. 11110010. 00101100
•10. 186. 181. 119
00001010. 10111010. 10110101. 01110111

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