NAME:BIDYUT BARMAN

Hydrological BRANCH:CIVIL ENGINEERING

Cycle SEM:5TH,SUB:ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

REGG. NO:211180101320086
ROLL NO:11801321134
 Hydrological Cycle

is fundamental to the functioning of

the Earth as it recycles water, and
has a role in modifying and
regulating the Earth's climate.
 Hydrological cycle (or water
cycle)

It is a CLOSED SYSTEM in which water is

continuously moved from the world's
oceans, through the atmosphere,
falls to earth as rain, then travels
back to the ocean in an endless loop.
 hydrological cycle

• It operates using a series of flows (or transfers) and

stores

• Water flows or is transferred through the system in

many ways. One way is via rivers, another way is
through the soil. The movement of water through the
soil is called throughflow.

• Water is stored in a number of ways - for example, in

lakes or as groundwater in deep aquifers
 The Hydrologic Cycle

Solar Energy is the driving force behind the

hydrologic cycle

Gravity helps keep water moving.

 Pathways of Moisture in the
Hydrologic Cycle
– All the world’s water comes from the
oceans and returns there via:-

– Evaporation
– Condensation
– Precipitation
– Evaporation
– Transpiration
– Surface water runoff
– Groundwater flow
 Evapotranspiration
Evaporation - moisture loss into the
atmosphere from water surfaces, soil and
vegetation due to the wind and sun’s rays –
in Botswana more than 1m a year (close to
2m in Maun!).

Transpiration – a biological process by which

moisture is lost directly from a plant through
the minute pores in its leaves.
• Surface run-off - when water flows directly overland to the
river (sometimes called overland flow).

• Infiltration - when water passes through from the surface of

the drainage basin into the soil layer.

• Throughflow - the movement of water through the soil towards

the river channel.

• Percolation - the movement of water from the soil layer to the

rock layer.

• Groundwater flow - the movement of water through the rock

layer (sometimes called base flow) towards the river channel.
Groundwater represents over 90% of the
world's readily available freshwater
resource.
About 1.5 billion people depend upon
groundwater for their drinking water supply
The amount of groundwater withdrawn
annually is roughly estimated at ~600-700
km3, representing about 20% of global
water withdrawals.
 Human activities that alter the
water cycle include:

• agriculture
• industry
• alteration of the chemical composition of the
atmosphere
• construction of dams
• deforestation and afforestation
• removal of groundwater from wells/boreholes
• water abstraction from rivers
• urbanisation
THANK YOU