Procesamiento de Imagenes

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.
Gonzalez & Woods

www.ImageProcessingPlace.com
Chapter 3
Intensity Transformations & Spatial Filtering
Intensity transformation T maps the

intensity r0 of a pixel, P, to a new
intensity value s0=T(r0 ).
The mapping is performed using a
transfer function
T
Examples of two transfer functions

• Transformation function does not
take into the intensity of adjacent
pixels.
• It does not increase the number of
intensity values available.
© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Spatial Filter F maps the intensity Ii of

a pixel, Pi, to a new intensity value
based on its neighborhood.

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Example of Intensity Transformations.

• They map L intensity values
a new L intensity value s0
r0
Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Intensity transformation – Negative

Original mammogram (left) and
the negated mammogram
s0
0 r0 L

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Intensity transformation – Log

Original Fourier spectrum (left) and
the log transformed spectrum (right)
with c = 1
s  c log(1 r)
s0
r0
Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Power-Law (Gamma) Transformations
s  cr
Where c and γ are positive constants.
It also sometime written as:
s  c(r   )

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Gamma correction
 Gamma correction aims to improve
the correctness of an image when
display on a screen.
 Gamma correction controls the
overall brightness of an image.
 Incorrect images can look
either bleached out, or too
dark.

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Gamma correction

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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Image Histogram
The image histogram of a digital image with intensity
levels in the range [0,L-1] is a discrete function
h(rk) =nk , where rk is the kth intensity value and nk is
the number of pixels in the image with the intensity rk
Histogram Normalization
It is common to normalize the histogram by dividing
nk by the number of pixels in the image.
The normalized intensity p(rk)= nk /MN estimates the
probability of occurrence of intensity level rk in an
image

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Histogram Equalization
In general we assume
1. T(r) is monotonically increasing
2. 0 ≤ T(r) ≤ L-1 for 0 ≤ r ≤ L-1
Let pr(r) and ps (s) be a probability

density functions. If we assume pr(r) and
T(r) are know, the
dr
p s(s)  p r(r) ds
Image processing interests on the following

formulation, where the right side is the
cumulative distribution
r
function
s  T (r)  (L 1) pr (w)dw
0

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
r
ds dT (r) d  pr (w)dw   (L
dr  dr  (L 1)
r
dr 0 1) p (r)
Use the previous formulation yields, a uniform
probability density function
1  1
dr 
ps(s)  p r(r) ds  p r(r)  

 (L 1) pr (r)  L
Histogram equalization 1 determine the
transformation that seek to produce an
output image that has a uniform histogram.

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Histogram Equalization
In the discrete case
k k
k k r j (L 1) j
s  T (r )  (L 1)j
0 p (r )  MN 
j n ; k  0,1,2,.., L
0
1

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Histogram Matching
Let us assume histograms are continuous functions, and let T(r) defined as earlier and G(z)
defined similarly, then
r z
s  T (r)  (L 1) pr And s  G(z)  (L
(w)dw 1) pz (t)dt
0 0
Since T(r) = G(z), then
z  Gshows
This 1
[T (r)]
thatthat
G 1an
(s)image whose intensity levels have a specific probability density
function can be obtained as follow:
1. Obtain pr(r) from the input image and determine the value of s (as above)
2. Use a specified PDF to obtain the transformation function G(z)
3. Compute the inverse transformation z=G-1(s)
4. Obtain the output image by first equalizing the input image (intensity are the s values)
for each intensity (s value) perform the inverse mapping z = G-1(s) to obtain the
corresponding pixel in the output image

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Spatial Filtering
Applying a 3x3 filter ,w, on the image f
1 1
g(x, y)    w(i, j) f (x  i, y  j)
i1 j 1
Applying a general (2ax2b) filter ,w, on the

image f
a b
g(x, y)    w(i, j) f (x
 i, y  j)
i a j b

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Correlation
Is the process of moving a filter mask
over the image and computing the sum
of products at each location.
Convolution
moves the reversed filter mask over
the image and computing the sum of
products at each location.

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
Correlation and Convolution in the

2D space.

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
3x3 Spatial filters, which result in a blurring effect. The

blurring depends on the ration between the central value
and the “boundary” values.
The effect of applying averaging filters of size 3,5,9, 15,

and 35.

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
In many application we often

apply multiple filters and
some of them may appear
contradicting from the first
glance.

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3
First & Second Derivatives

• Let us consider a vertical cut on the
first two images
• The function we get are below each

images
• The first derivative
• Second Derivative

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
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Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 3

Procesamiento de Imagenes

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Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez & Woods

Intensity transformation T maps the

Examples of two transfer functions

Spatial Filter F maps the intensity Ii of

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Example of Intensity Transformations.

Intensity transformation – Negative

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Intensity transformation – Log

Power-Law (Gamma) Transformations

It also sometime written as:

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Let pr(r) and ps (s) be a probability

Image processing interests on the following

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Applying a general (2ax2b) filter ,w, on the

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Correlation and Convolution in the

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3x3 Spatial filters, which result in a blurring effect. The

The effect of applying averaging filters of size 3,5,9, 15,

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

In many application we often

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

First & Second Derivatives

• The function we get are below each

• The first derivative

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

© 1992–2008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

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