CONTENTS OF

RESEARCH
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

• Introduction
• The Problem
• Research Methodology
• Definition of Terms
 1. • The rationale for one’s research is the
justification for undertaking a given
INTRODUCTION study. It states the reason(s) why a
researcher chooses to focus on the
1. Rationale of the topic in question, including what the
Study significance is and what gaps the
2. Theoretical research intends to fill. In short, it is
an explanation that rationalizes the
Background need for the study.
 A theoretical framework is a
foundational review of existing theories
1. that serves as a roadmap for developing
the arguments you will use in your own
INTRODUCTION work.
Theories are developed by researchers to
1. Rationale of the explain phenomena, draw connections,
Study and make predictions. In a theoretical
framework, you explain the existing
2. Theoretical theories that support your research,
Background showing that your paper or dissertation
topic is relevant and grounded in
established ideas.
 2.
A problem statement is an explanation
THE PROBLEM in research that describes the issue that
is in need of study. What problem is the
1. Statement of the
research attempting to address? Having
Problem
a Problem Statement allows the reader
2. Statement of the Null to quickly understand the purpose and
Hypothesis intent of the research.
3. Significance of the
Study
 The null hypothesis states there is no
relationship between the measured
2. phenomenon (the dependent variable)
and the independent variable. You do
THE PROBLEM not​ need to believe that the null
hypothesis is true to test it. On the
1. Statement of the
contrary, you will likely suspect that
Problem
there is a relationship between a set of
2. Statement of the Null variables. One way to prove that this is
Hypothesis the case is to reject the null hypothesis.
3. Significance of the Rejecting a hypothesis does not mean an
Study experiment was "bad" or that it didn't
produce results.
 2.
THE PROBLEM The significance of a study is its
importance. It refers to the
1. Statement of the contribution(s) to and impact of the
Problem study on a research field. The
2. Statement of the Null significance also signals who benefits
Hypothesis from the research findings and how.
3. Significance of the Study
 3.
RESEARCH
Research design is a blueprint of a
METHODOLOGY
scientific study. It includes research
methodologies, tools, and techniques to
1. Research Design
conduct the research. It helps to identify
2. Research Environment and address the problem that may rise
3. Research Respondents during the process of research and
4. Research Instruments analysis.
5. Research Procedures
6. Data Gathering
7. Treatment of Data
 3.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

1. Research Design Research environment is the location

2. Research Environment were the study was conducted .
3. Research Respondents
4. Research Instruments
5. Research Procedures
6. Data Gathering
7. Treatment of Data
 3.
RESEARCH Research respondents are those
METHODOLOGY individuals who complete a survey or
interview for the researcher, or who
1. Research Design provide data to be analyzed for the
2. Research Environment research study. Respondents can be any
3. Research Respondents age, but determined by the scope of the
study, and must agree to informed
4. Research Instruments consent to participate.
5. Research Procedures
6. Data Gathering
7. Treatment of Data
 3.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
A research instrument is a tool for
collecting and analyzing data in
1. Research Design
research. Popular research instruments
2. Research Environment are interviews, surveys, observations,
3. Research Respondents focus groups, and secondary data.
4. Research Instruments
5. Research Procedures
6. Data Gathering
7. Treatment of Data
 3.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY A scientific procedure means a
procedure through which a given task
1. Research Design related to the research and reaching the
2. Research Environment research aim is successively
3. Research Respondents implemented. A scientific procedure is
based on certain methodology.
4. Research Instruments
5. Research Procedures
6. Data Gathering
7. Treatment of Data
 3.
RESEARCH
Data collection is the process of
METHODOLOGY
gathering and measuring information
on variables of interest, in an
1. Research Design
established systematic fashion that
2. Research Environment enables one to answer stated research
3. Research Respondents questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
4. Research Instruments outcomes.
5. Research Procedures
6. Data Gathering
7. Treatment of Data
 3.
RESEARCH Statistical treatment’ is when you apply
a statistical method to a data set to draw
METHODOLOGY
meaning from it. Statistical treatment
can be either descriptive statistics,
1. Research Design
which describes the relationship
2. Research Environment between variables in a population, or
3. Research Respondents inferential statistics, which tests a
4. Research Instruments hypothesis by making inferences from
5. Research Procedures the collected data.
6. Data Gathering
7. Treatment of Data
DEFINITION OF One section that is often required in a
TERMS dissertation is the “Definitions of
Terms.” This gives your readers an
understanding of the concepts or factors
that will be discussed throughout your
study, as well as contextual information
as to how you will be using those
concepts in your study.
 CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

• Presentation of Data
1. PRESENTATION Data presentation is a process of
comparing two or more data sets with
OF DATA
visual aids, such as graphs. Using a
graph, you can represent how the
information relates to other data. This
process follows data analysis and helps
organize information by visualizing and
putting it into a more readable format.
 CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
• Summary
• Findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendation
 A summary is simply a brief overview of
the main points of a research paper. It
should not include any new information
1. Summary or arguments, but simply, concisely state
the main points. The summary should
2. Findings be placed at the beginning of the
3. Conclusion research paper, after the title and
abstract.
4. Recommendation
 The Results (also sometimes called
Findings) section in an empirical
research paper describes what the
researcher(s) found when they analyzed
1. Summary their data. Its primary purpose is to use
2. Findings the data collected to answer the research
question(s) posed in the introduction,
3. Conclusion even if the findings challenge the
4. Recommendation hypothesis.
 The conclusion is intended to help the
reader understand why your research
should matter to them after they have
1. Summary finished reading the paper. A conclusion
2. Findings is not merely a summary of your points
or a re-statement of your research
3. Conclusion problem but a synthesis of key points.
4. Recommendation
 Recommendations in the research paper
should also come from the data you
have analyzed. For example, the
research found that people over 65 years
1. Summary of age are at greater risk of social
2. Findings isolation. Therefore, it is recommended
that policies that are made for
3. Conclusion combating social isolation should target
4. Recommendation this specific group.