The Self as Cognitive

Construct
Presentation of Group 3 BSBA 1 MM:
Anna Marie Mian0 & Dexter Luzada
Anna Marie R. Miano Dexter A. Luzada

Rafael V. Cabalo
 CONTENTS

01 Mini games to boost up the 04 Quiz and/or Activites

energy

02 Who is William James : 03 The “I and Me” William James

Pragmatism & Functionalism and Carl Ransom Rogers
01 Mini games to boost the
energy: Jumbled Letters and
Question
 Activities: Jumbled Letters & Question

pgramtsima Larc marson sogers em nad i

lliamwi majes fncaltuio caremia

02 Who is William James : Pragmatism &
Functionalism
 WILLIAM JAMES
W
I
L
William James, (born January 11, L
I
1842, New York, New York, U.S.—died A
August 26, 1910, Chocorua, New M
Hampshire), American philosopher and
J
psychologist, a leader of the A
philosophical movement of pragmatism M
and a founder of the psychological E
S
movement of functionalism.
 PRAGMATISM

What is pragmatism in simple words?

Pragmatism is a way of dealing with problems or
situations that focuses on practical approaches and
solutions E
X
A
M
P
L

For example, if humans commonly perceive the ocean as

beautiful then the ocean is beautiful.
 FUNCTIOANLISM
Functionalism is a psychological philosophy that describes
the mind as a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our
environments. It posits that our mental states and behaviors
are survival mechanisms, in line with our inherent biological
goals.

EXAMPLE

For example, the government provides education for the

children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the
state depends to keep itself running.
 William James Works
1. The Principles of Psychology (1890),
2. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays in Popular
Philosophy (1897),
3. The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)
4. Pragmatism: A New Name for Old Ways of
Thinking (1907)
03 The “I and Me” William James and Carl
Ransom Rogers
 There are various definitions of the self and other similar or interchangeable concepts in
psychology. Simply put, the self in psychology is the sense of personal identity and of who we are as
individuals.

William James as one of the earliest psychologists to study the self, he conceptualized the self
as having two aspects: the “I” and “Me”.

1. “I” is the thinking, acting and feeling self.

2. " Me” is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that make who you
are.

Carl Rogers used the same terms,

• “I” as the one who acts and decides.
• “Me” is what you think or feel about yourself as an object. Other concepts similar to self are
identity and self-concept.
• Identity is composed of one’s personal characteristics, social roles and responsibilities.
• Self-concept is basically what comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are.
 You might wonder who is Carl Rogers right?

• Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987)

• American psychologist
• Among the founders of the humanistic approach
• Widely considered one of the founding fathers of
psychotherapy research
 Carl Rogers concept of self-schema

Carl Rogers captures this idea

in his concept of self-schema
or our own organized system
or collection of knowledge
about who we are.
It may include your interest, work, course, age, name, and physical characteristics, among others. And
as you grow and adapt to the changes around you, they also change, but they are not passive receivers,
they actively shape and affect how you see, think, and feel about things.

Social interaction and group affiliation are vital factors in creating our self-concept especially in the
aspect of providing us with or social identity. However, there are times when we are aware of our self-
concepts, also called self-awareness. Carver and Scheier identified two types of self that we can be
aware of:
1. The Private Self – your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings.
2. Public Self – your public image commonly geared toward having a good representation of
yourself to others.

Self-awareness also presents us with at least three other self-schema:

3. Actual Self - who you are at the moment.
4. Ideal Self - who you like to be
5. Ought Self - who we think we should be
Self-awareness may be positive or negative depending on the circumstances and our next course of
action. It can keep you doing something dangerous. In other instances, self-awareness can be too
much that we are concerned about being observed and criticized by others, also known as self-
consciousness

Our group identity and self-awareness also has a great impact on our self-esteem. Self-esteem is our
own positive or negative perception or evaluation of ourselves. One of the ways in which our social
relationships affects our self-esteem is through social comparison.

1. Downward Social Comparison –comparing ourselves with those people who are worse off than us.
2. Upward Social Comparison – comparing ourselves with those people who are better off than us
Social comparison entails what is called self-evaluation maintenance theory which states that we can
feel threatened when someone out-performs us. In this case, we react in three ways:

1. We distance ourselves from the person or redefine our relationship with them.
2. We may reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in which you were out-performed.
3. We may also strengthen or resolve to improve that certain aspect of ourselves.

However, in the attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem, some people become narcissistic.
Narcissism is a trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration and self-
centeredness. Sometimes, there is a thin line between high self-esteem and narcissism and there
are a lot of test and measurements for self-esteem but the issue is that the result can be affected by
the desire of the person to portray herself in a positive or advantageous way
04 Activity No. 1: The Weaknesses, Strength, and
my Reasons
 Activity No. 1: The Weaknesses, Strength, and my Reasons

Create a Venn Diagram about yourself. Right circle about your weaknesses and in the left
circle your strength and in the middle the reason why are you still fighting. There’s no wrong
answers.

Objectives of this Activity:

1. To know your self
2. To identify what is your weaknesses
3. To share your self to anyone
"It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which, more than anything else, will
affect its successful outcome.“

-William James Quotation about Self

"There is but one cause of human failure. And that is man's lack of faith in his true Self.“
-William James Quotation about Self
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING