PSYCHOLOGICAL

PERSPECTIVE OF
THE SELF

Prepared By: Group 1

-Not who you think
I am. Not who you
want me to be. I
am me.
“If you are who you are,
then who are you that
makes you who you are?”
“Self is the sense
of personal
identity and of
who we are as
individuals”

-Jhangiani and Tarry (2014)

 William James
Concept of the Self

David Lester
Multiple versus Unified Self

Contents Donald Winnicott

True versus False Self

Carl Rogers
Self Theory
 Sigmund Freud
The Importance of the
Unconscious

Albert Bandura
Self as Proactive and
Contents Agentic

Carl Jung
Self as the Central
Archetype
William
James
Concept of the Self
 Self as having of two (2)
aspects:
William James’
“I-Self”
Concept of the Self
- refers to the self that
knows who he or she is
- thinking, acting and
feeling self
- reflects the soul of the of
a person or what is now
thought of as the mind and
is called the pure ego.
 Self as having of two (2)
aspects:
William James’ “Me- Self”
Concept of the Self - the empirical self
- refers to describing the
person’s personal
experiences ad further
divided into sub-categories
1. Material Self
2. Social Self
3. Spiritual Self
 “A man’s self is the sum total of
all that he can call his, not only his
body and his psychic powers, but
his clothes and his house.
- William James
David
Lester
Multiple versus Unified Self
Multiple versus
Unified Self
 The
construction
of the selves
varies across
the different
roles and
relationships.
 Coping with different
selves constitutes a
formidable task among
adolescents.

 These challenges
contribute heavily to the
young person’s struggle
for a unified self
 Donald
Winnicott
True versus False Self
 The function
of the false
self is to hide
and protect
the true self.
 People tend
to display
false self to
impress
others.
Carl Rogers
Self Theory
• He believed in the inherent
goodness of people.
• He emphasized the
importance of free will and
psychological growth.
• Suggested that the actualizing
tendency is the driving force
behind human behavior.
• Human beings are always
striving for self-fulfillment or
self-actualization.
• When the needs of self are
denied, severe anxiety may
result.
Self Concept
• refers to the image of
oneself.
• defined the self as a
flexible and changing
perception of personal
identity.
• self develops form
interactions with
significant people and
self-awareness
THE THREE CONCEPTS OF “SELF-CONCEPT”
Embodies the answer to the question “Who am I?”

Self-image Ideal Self Self-esteem

Sigmund
Freud
The Importance of
Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud’s Construction of
Self and Personality
 3 Structures of Personality
1. Id- pleasure-seeking, immature, impulsive,
child-like and cannot delay gratification.
2. Ego- “I”, works on the reality principle,
controls the id and can delay pleasure.
3. Superego- the “conscience” and “moral
judge” of conduct
Freudian Theory of Personality
Psychological Defense
Mechanism
1. Denial
 Refusal to recognize a threatening situation.

2. Repression
 Pushing threatening situations out of conscious
memory

3. Rationalization
 Making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable
behavior
Psychological Defense
Mechanism
4. Projection
 Placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others.

5. Reaction Formation
 Condemns something that has an unconscious appeal.

6. Displacement
 Transferof emotions or behaviors to another less
threatening.
Psychological Defense
Mechanism
7. Regression
 Falling
back on childlike patterns as a way of
coping with stressful situation.

8. Identification
 Tryingto become like someone else to deal with
one’s anxiety.
Psychological Defense
Mechanism
9. Compensation (Substitution)
 Tryingto make up for areas in which a lack is
perceived by becoming superior in some area.

10. Sublimation
 Turningsocially unacceptable urges into socially
acceptable behavior.
ALBERT
BANDUR
A
SELF AS PROACTIVE
AND AGENTIC
 WHO IS HE?
 ALBERT BANDURA IS A
PSYCHOLOGIST AT
STANFORD UNIVERSITY.
 HE VIEWS PEOPLE AS
AGENTS (ORIGINATORS) OF
EXPERIENCE NOT JUST
REACTIVE.
 SUGGESTS THAT HUMANS
HAVE THE ABILITY TO ACT
AND MAKE THINGS HAPPEN
 FOUR (4)
AGENTIC
PURPOSES
1. INTENTIONALITY
2. FORETHOUGHT
3. SELF-REACTIVENESS
4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS
1. INTENTIONALITY
 ENABLES US TO BEHAVE WITH
PURPOSE
 2. FORETHOUGHT
 ALLOWS US TO ANTICIPATE
OUTCOMES
3. SELF-REACTIVENESS
 WE CAN BE MOTIVATED TO
REGULATE OUR ACTIONS
4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS
 WE CAN REFLECT OUR THOUGHTS
AND BEHAVIORS AND MAKE
CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS
 ALBERT
BANDURA
 EMPHASIZED THE
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL
LEARNING, OR LEARNING
THROUGH OBSERVATION.
 HIS THEORY EMPHASIZED
THE ROLE CONSCIOUS
THOUGHTS INCLUDING
SELF EFFICACY, OR OUR
OWN BELIEFS IN OUR
ABILITIES.
 FOUR (4) STEPS IN OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING AND MODELING PROCESS
 ATTENTION
 IN ORDER TO LEARN, YOU NEED TO BE
PAYING ATTENTION.
 ANYTHING THAT DISTRACTS YOUR
ATTENTION IS GOING TO HAVE A NEGATIVE
EFFECT ON OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.
 IF THE MODEL IS INTERESTING OR THERE IS A
NOVEL ASPECT OF THE SITUATION, YOU ARE
FAR MORE LIKELY TO DEDICATE YOUR FULL
ATTENTION TO LEARNING.
 RETENTION
 THE ABILITY TO STORE INFORMATION IS
ALSO AN IMPORTANT PART OF LEARNING.
 RETENTION CAN BE AFFECTED BY A NUMBER
OF FACTORS, BUT THE ABILITY TO PULL UP
INFORMATION LATER AND ACT ON IT IS
VITAL ON OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.
 MOTOR REPRODUCTION
 ONCE YOU HAVE PAID ATTENTION TO THE
MODEL AND RETAINED THE INFORMATION, IT
IS TIME TO ACTUALLY PERFORM THE
BEHAVIOR YOU HAVE OBSERVED.
 FURTHER PRACTICE OF THE LEARNED
BEHAVIOR LEADS TO IMPROVEMENT AND
SKILL ADVANCEMENT.
 MOTIVATION
 FINALLY, IN ORDER FOR OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING TO BE SUCCESSFUL, YOU HAVE
TO BE MOTIVATED TO IMITATE THE
BEHAVIOR THAT HAS BEEN MODELED.
 REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT PLAY
AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MOTIVATION.
 MOTIVATION
 WHILE EXPERIENCING THESE MOTIVATORS
CAN BE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, SO CAN
OBSERVING OTHERS EXPERIENCING SOME
TYPE OF PUNISHMENT.
 FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU SEE ANOTHER
STUDENT REWARDED WITH EXTRA CREDIT
FOR BEING TO CLASS ON TIME, YOU MIGHT
START TO SHOW UP A FEW MINUTES EARLY
EACH DAY.
CARL JUNG

Self as the Central Archetype

 What are
Archetypes?
 Archetypes are universal, inborn
models of people, behaviors, or
personalities that play a role in
influencing human behavior.
 1. Persona
• One’s “public personality” or
mask; one’s social roles

Four Major Jungian

Archetypes
 2. Shadow
• One’s dark side, parts of
ourselves that we dislike

Four Major Jungian

Archetypes
 3a. Anima
• Female archetypes,
“feminine side”

Four Major Jungian

Archetypes

3b. Animus
• Male archetypes, “male side”
 4. Self
• Central archetypes of
personality; represents
wholeness

Four Major Jungian

Archetypes