Bonding-2

Substrates and Materials

 Substrates
• Enamel
• Dentin
• Sclerotic Dentin- ↓bond strength in lab studies
1. Extend etching time
2. Use an adhesive with a stronger acid
3. Additional prep with burs or air abrasion
4. Equivalent results a 8 years for sclerotic and
non-sclerotic cervical non-carious lesions
 Substrates
• Hypomineralized E or D (caries, Amelogenesis
imperfecta, erosion) – more difficult to bond
• Hypermineralized E or D- fluoride- longer
etching time
 Materials
• Etchant/conditioner
• Primer
• Bonding resin/adhesive resin

• Whole system is called an adhesive

 Etchant
• Removes the smear layer
• Penetrates the E & D & prepares it for bonding
 1. Primer
• Makes the hydrophyllic D hydrophobic enough to accept
the bonding resin
• Penetrates the demineralized D
• Examples
1. HEMA-hydroxyethylmethacrylate
2. 2. 10-MDP- 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen
phosphate
3. P-pheny-2-methacryloxyethyl phenyl hydrogen
phosphate
4. 4-MET4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate
 Bonding Resin
• Becomes incorporated into the primed D
• When cured provides structural support of the
bonded interface btw the tooth and the
subsequently placed restorative material.
• This zone is called the hybrid layer or
interdiffusion zone
 Polymers
• Basis of all dental adhesive systems
• Hydrophyllic E & D so the polymer should also
be very hydrophyllic to wet the surface and
penetrate between the microstructure
• 1st D bonding was attempted with unfilled
resin the same way as bonding with E failed.
 The Ideal
• Hydrophyllic while placement for good wetting
• Hydrophobic after establishing the bond so it
will not absorb water, swell and compromise
mechanical properties. It will also resist
degradation by acids and other components of
oral fluids.
 The Ideal
• Not available
• Combination of hydrophyllic &hydrophobic
materials are used
• E contains little water and so hydrophobic
monomers are able to penetrate the etched
structure easily
 Difference between hydrophyllic and
hydrophobic monomers
• Monomers containing alcohol, acid, hydroxyl
and amino groups are more able to ↑ chemical
interactions btw collagen and hydroxyapatite of
the tooth
• -COOH, PO4, -OH and amide functional gps are
substituted for Hydrogen, methyl, ethyl gps
• Incorporation of ether and ester linkages ↑
hydrophyllicity
 HEMA & bis-GMA
• Hydroxyethylmethacrylate is totally miscible in
water and is an excellent polymerizable wetting
agent
• Bisphenol glycidyl methacrylate, the main
monomer used in composites will only absorb
3% water when polymerized
• A mix of the two has intermediate
characteristics and is a useful adhesive for the
tooth
 Solvents
• Water
• Ethanol
• Butyl alcohol
• Acetone- displaces water from within the D
 Solvents
• ↑ wetting, penetration of polymerizable
monomers into conditioned D
• ↓ viscosity to ↑ the above
• Does not polymerize
• Does not bond to the polymer
• If not displaced during placement, it will be
incorporated into the bonding layer and may
serve as a weakening contaminant of the
polymer
 Total Etching technique
• Fusayama
• The smear layer is removed, 3-5µm of D is
demineralized to expose the collagen network
and produce funnel shaped D tubules
 Hybrid layer
• Nakabayashi
• Infiltration of resin intoacid-etched D to form a
collagen fibril- reinforced resin matrix
 Classification
• Generation
• No. of steps
• Solvent
• Method of removal of the smear layer
 Generations
• 1 to 8
 No. of steps
• One step
• Two step
• Three step
Solvent