 ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION

 OCCLUSION: The static relationship between occlusal

surface of maxilla and mandible teeth or tooth
analogues

 MALOCCLUSION:. Any deviation from a

physiologically acceptable contact of opposing
dentitions
ORTHODONTIC EQUATION OF MALOCCLUSION
Heredity / Genetic
Developmental causes of unknown origin
Trauma
Causes Teratogens
Habits
Disease
Act At
Prenatal or postnatal
Times Continuous or intermittent
May act at different age levels
On
Neuro-muscular
Tissues Teeth
Bone & cartilage
produce

Results
Results
Following or combination of

Malfunction
Malocclusion
Osseous dysplasia

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Profitt’s classification

Disturbances in Embryological Development

Skeletal Growth Disturbances
Soft Tissue Disturbances
Dental Developmental Disturbances
Disturbances in Embryological
Development
Teratogens:
Chemical & other agents capable of producing embryological
defects if given at the critical time are called teratogens

Aspirin, Cigarette smoke, Dialntin, Cytomegalovirus,

Ethyl alcohol, retinoic acid,
X-radiations, etc
Generally cause:
Cleft lip & palate,
 Microcephaly,
 Hydrocephaly,
 Hemifacial
microsomia
 Mid-face deficiency
DISTURBANCES IN EMBRYOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT

INHERITED /GENETIC
Syndromes:
Down’s
Cleido-cranial Dysplasia
Crouzon’s
Apert’s
Cleft Lip and Palate
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
SKELETAL GROWTH DISTURBANCES

 Fetal molding & birth injuries (Intra-uterine

Molding & Birth Trauma)

 Childhood Fracture of the Jaw

 Muscle dysfunction
 Skeletal growth disorders
SKELETAL GROWTH DISTURBANCES:
Fetal Molding & Birth Injuries
Injuries are apparent at birth
A. Intra-uterine Molding
a. Deficient Maxilla
Pressure against developing face by any part
of the body
b. Pierr Robin Sequence
Mechanical cause or
Genetic cause
Whatever the cause the features are:
Micrognathia
Cleft palate
Glosso-ptosis
Respiratory embracement
B. Birth Trauma
Use of forceps in child birth
Many of the syndromes are blamed to the doctors, when are seen at birth
Although use of forceps has been reduced for the last 50 yrs or so, but the prevalence
of class II malocclusions with mandibular deficiency has not decreased
 Childhood Fracture of the Jaw
Child fall & mandibular neck fracture
but 75 % children recover well with normal mandibular growth
Growth of mandible is affected more when excessive scar tissue restricts
the normal growth movements
Asymmetric growth of jaw may result from Open reduction or early
mobilization is to be decided
 Muscle Dysfunction
Excessive or reduced muscle function
Loss of muscle or its nerve supply
a. Muscular dystrophy
b. Cerebral palsy
c. Torticollis
SKELETAL GROWTH DISTURBANCES

Acromegaly
Hemifacial microsomia
Hemimandibular Hypertrophy (Condylar Hyperplasia)