Foundation Of Group Behaviors

Group properties & decision Making

Group:
Two or more Individuals who mutually influence one another through social
interaction(Forsyth,1990)
A collection of individuals the members accept a common task, an indirect with
one another to promote its accomplishment.
Types of Gruop
Formal Informer
Designation work Not designation task
Characteristics of a group
Members engaged in frequent interaction
They share common norms and mutual interest
They indentify with one another & share values
They feel a sence of collective responsibility
Stages of Group development
1. Forming Stage
2. Storming Stage
3. Norming Stage
4. Performing Stage
Forming stage
Forming stage includes feelings and Behaviors
Excitement, Anticipation and optimision
5. Define the task and how they are accomplished
6. Deciding what information need to be gather
Storming Stage
• Resisting quality improvement approches sugguest by other members
• Sharp fluctuation in attitudes
• Arguing among members
Norming Stage
• Express criticisim constructively
• Acceptance of membership in the team
• An attempt to achive harmony by avioding conflict
• Establishing and Maintaining team ground rules and boundries

Performing Stage
• Performing stage includes feeling and behaviors
• Better understanding to each other strength and weakness
• Ability to present or work through group problems
• Close attachment
Factors affecting Group cohesion
• Leadership
• Group size
• Time spent together
• Nature of the task

Consequences of Cohesion:
Productivity
Participation
Conformity
Healthy Communication
 Group of Decision Making

Managers believe that doing group decision making, goal setting and problem solving is more
efficient.
 Method of group Decision Making

• Decision by lack of Response

Someone suggested an idea and without any consideration it is
rejected, moving on to next ideas. “silence means lack of agreement”.
• Decision by Authority Rule
Leader will make ultimate decision minimum involvement of
other group members
• Decision by Minority rule
A single person can enforce the decision two or more members come to
a quick and powerful agreement and implement through chairman.
Advantages of G.D.M
• More information and knowledge
• Diversity of views
• Increased acceptance of a solution
Disadvantages
• Time consuming
• Pressure to confirm and fit-in
• Disagreements may delay decision and
cause hard feelings
Techniques of group decision Making
1. Brain storming
2. Nominal group technique
3. Delphi technique
4. consensus Mapping
Brainstorming
Originally adopted by Alex osborn in 1938 in an American company. According to
him, Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion
for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members.

Four guidelines:
i. Generate as many ideas as possible
ii. Be creative, freewheeling and imaginative
iii. Combine earlier ideas
iv. Holding and considering criticism of other ideas

Nominal group techniques

A nominal group exists in name only, the members have nominal interaction
prior to making decision making. E.g: Voting
Delphi technique
Is a place where the ancient greeks used to pray for information about
future.
• In this technique, member select are expert and
scattered over large distance, having no face to face interaction.
• The effectiveness of the technique depend on the
participants expertise, communication skills and
motivation of the members.
• Collecting opinions from experts, estimating,
Forecasting and decision making.
Consensus Mapping
An attempt is made to arrive at decision
by pooling the ideas,together
generated by several task sub-group
Process
It begins with developing ideas by a task sub-group
The facilitators encourage to further develop clusts of ideas.
• The ideas so generated are develop and narrowed in smaller number of ideas
• They are consolidated into a structure called strawman map which is further narrowed down
to arrive at a mutually acceptable solution.

Conclusion
Group decision making can be defined as the process where decision are made by
a
group after complete analysis of the situation group decision making can be a
effective way of arriving at a solution for certain types of solution.
 REST’s (1986) Four Step Model for ethical Decision
Making

1- Recognize the moral issue

2- Make a Moral Judgement

3- Resolve to place moral concerns ahead of other concerns

4- Act on the moral concerns

 Jones (1991) Concept of Moral Intensity:

1- Magnitude of Consequences

2- Social Consensus
3- Probability of Effect

4- Temporal Immediacy
5- Proximity
6- Concentration of effect
 Organizational Factors Effecting Decision Making

1- Rewards
2- Ethical Culture
3- Code of Ethics
4- Organization Culture
5- Subjective Norms
6- Organization Size
7- Competitiveness
8- Policies/Procedures
9- Moral Intensity
Thanks.. !