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Introduction to Statistics

By

Dr. Khalil Ullah Awan

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 Statistics

Statistics is a branch of science in which we

collect classify analyze and interpret the data.

 Collection

Classification

Analysis

Interpretation
 Types of statistics

 Descriptive Statistics
 Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
The branch of statistics which deals with collection or
presentation and analysis of data

Also deals with concepts and methods concerned

with summarization and description of the data.

Graphical displays

Computation of numerical quantities

Information about the center part of the data

 Inferential Statistics

The branch of Statistics which deals with

drawing conclusion (Inferences) and making
decisions about any population parameter on the
basis of sample data, is called inferential
statistics

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 Most commonly used terms in Statistics

 Population
 Sample
 Parameter
 Statistic
 Constant
 Variable

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 Population

Aggregate of material having some common

characteristics is known as population.

Total Number of observation in the data is

known as population size and it is denoted by
N
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 Sample
A representative / smallest part of the
population is known as sample.

Total Number of observation in the data is

known as Sample size and it is denoted by n.

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 Parameter

 Any numerical value calculated from the

population data is known as parameter.
 Parameters are fixed numbers.
 Usually denoted by Greek letters
 For example mean and standard deviation are
denoted by  and 
 Statistic

 Any numerical value calculated from the

Sample data is known as Statistic.
 Statistics are not fixed numbers they vary
from sample to sample.
 Usually denoted by Latin letters
 For example mean and standard
deviation are denoted by X and S
 Constant

A value which does not changes but remains

fixed is known constant for example e= 2.71828

  3.14159

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 Variable
Any measurable characteristics which
changes its value with respect to time, place,
or person is known as Variable.

Variables are denoted by capital letters such

as X, Y, Z while their respective values are
denoted by small letters such as x, y, z
 Types of variables

There are two types of variables

 Quantitative Variable

 Qualitative variable

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 Quantitative Variable

 A variable is called Quantitative variable when it deals

with the characteristic which can be expressed

numerically

For example

 Height, weight, price, distance etc

 Qualitative Variable

 A variable is called qualitative variable when it deals

with the characteristic which can not be expressed

numerically

For example

 Honesty, Complexion liking, disliking, opinion, etc

 Types of Quantitative Variable

 Discrete Variable
 Continuous Variable
 Discrete Variable

A variable which deals only whole number of values is

known as discrete variable.
For Example
 Number of family members
 Number of books in a library,

 Number of cars on the road

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 Continuous Variable
A variable which takes each and every value in a
given interval is known as continuous variable.
OR
A variable which takes value in a decimals is
known as continuous variable.
For example
Height, Speed, Distance, Weight

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 Data

Aggregate of facts and figures is known as data

 Types of data

 Quantitative data

Discrete Data
Continuous data
 Qualitative Data
 Classification of data according to
source

 Primary Data

 Secondary Data
 Primary data

Data that have been originally collected and not have

undergone some sort of statistical treatment is known
as primary data

OR

Raw data is known as primary data

 Secondary Data

Data that have undergone any sort of statistical

treatment by statistical methods at least one i.e. the
data have been collected classified, tabulated, or
presented in some form for a certain purpose is called
secondary data
 Methods of primary data collection

Direct personal investigation

Indirect investigation
Collection through questionnaire
Collection through enumerators
Collection through local source
 Methods of Secondary data collection

Officials
Semi officials
Journals and newspapers
Research organizations
 Most commonly used terms in
Data Presentation
Classification
Frequency
Frequency distribution
Class limits
Class Boundaries
Class Interval
Class Mark
Relative Frequency
Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Relative Frequency
 Classification

Arrangement of data, or objects into different

groups or classes is known as classification
 Types of Classification

 One way Classification

 Two Way Classification
 Multi way Classification
 One way Classification

When data is classified according to one variable

it is known as one way classification
 Two way Classification

When data is classified according to two

variables it is known as two way classification
 Multi way Classification

When data is classified according to more than

two variables it is known as multi way
classification
 Frequency

Number of observations falling in a

particular class is known as frequency of a
particular class. It is denoted by “f’
 Frequency Distribution

A table showing different classes along with the

frequency of class is known as frequency
distribution
 Class Limits

When the upper value of the first class is not

equal to the lower limit of the second class is
known as class limits
 Class Boundaries

When the upper value of the first class is

equal to the lower value of the second class is
known as class boundaries
 Class Interval

The difference between two connective lower class limits or

two connective upper class limits or two connective lower
class boundaries or two connective upper class boundaries is
known as class interval it is denoted by “h”
It is also known as class width/ Class height
In the case of class boundaries if we subtract upper class
boundary from the lower boundary of the same class we get
class interval
 Class Mark

When we divide the sum of upper and lower class limits

or sum of upper and lower class boundaries by 2 we get
class mark.
It is denoted by X

It is also known as Mid point

 Relative Frequency

When we divide the frequency of a specific

class by the sum of all the frequencies in a
frequency distribution we get Relative
frequency.

It is denoted by R.F or r.f

 Cumulative Frequency

When we add the frequency of first class

to the frequency of the next class we
obtain cumulative frequency.

It is denoted by C.F
 Cumulative Relative Frequency

When we divide the Cumulative frequency of

a each class by the sum of all the frequencies
in a frequency distribution we get Cumulative
frequency distribution

It is denoted by C.R.F or c.r.f

 Construction of grouped frequency
distribution
The following points should be kept in mind while constructing grouped
frequency distribution ( Frequency distribution)
Decide the number of class into which the data to be grouped
Find the range of the data
Divide the range by the number of classes (Class interval)
Decide where to locate the lower class limit
Determine the remaining class limits
Divide the data into appropriate classes
Finally total the frequency column
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 Graphical Representation of the Data

 Graphical representation of the data means to represent

the data by different charts, or graphs, Diagram
 Most commonly used Charts for graphical
representation of the data
 Simple Bar Chart
 Multiple bar Chart
 Component bar Chart
 Rectangles and subdivided rectangles
 Pie diagram
 Histogram
 Frequency poly curve
 Frequency poly gone
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