‫التوعية بغاز‬

‫‪H2S‬‬ ‫كبريتيد‬
‫‪Awarness‬‬ ‫الهيدروجين‬
Course Objective ‫أهداف التدريب‬
1. To prepare the ‫• تعريف العامل بالمخاطر التي‬
Employees to know ‫يمكن حدوثها عند العمل في‬
what are the potential .‫بيئة غاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين‬
Hazard when working ‫• كيف للعامل أن يحمي نفسه‬
around the ‫ويحمي األخرين عند التعرض‬
environment of ‫لغاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين‬
Hydrogen Sulphide.
2. How to protect
themselves from H2S,
and to other
employees.
 Class Topics ‫النقاط األساسية للدورة‬
1. Production .‫تكون الغاز‬ .1
2. Properties and .‫الخصائص و الصفات‬ .2
Characteristics
3. Effect on our Body .‫التأثير على أجسامنا‬ .3
4. Exposure Limits .‫حدود التعرض‬ .4
5. Monitoring ‫المراقبة‬ .5
6. Emergency Procedures ‫إجراءات الطوارئ‬ .6
7. Rescue
‫اإلنقاذ‬ .7
8. First Aid Procedures
.‫إإلسعافات األولية‬ .8
Production & Occurrence
• H2S is a deadly gas which is
made up of one atom of
sulfur and two atoms of
hydrogen.
• H2S formed when bacteria
breakdown the sulfur-rich
proteins found in dead plants
and animals where oxygen is
not present
• H2S created by chemicals or
bacteria introduced into the
formation during production
operations. such as acidizing
or water Injection
‫طريقة التكوين‬
‫• غاز كبريتيد الهيدروجين غاز مميت‬
‫وهو يتكون من ذرة كبريت وذرتان‬
.‫هيدروجين‬
‫• يتكون هذا الغاز عندما تقوم البكتريا‬
‫بتحليل الكبريت في البروتين المتواجد‬
‫في النباتات و الحيوانات التي ماتت‬
.‫بمعزل عن الهواء‬
‫• يتكون الغاز أيضا َ نتيجة حقن المواد‬
‫الكيميائية أو البكتيرية داخل التربة‬
‫خالل مراحل اإلنتاج كالحقن‬
‫باألحماض أو الحقن بالماء‬
 Production & Occurrence
H2S Occurrence
The largest industrial producer of H2S is
the Petroleum Industry. Other
sources include coke ovens, paper
mills and tanneries. H2S gas can also
be present naturally in well water
and is used widely in refining
processes and sometime is sewerage
line and manholes.
 Names
There are many names for H2S
• Sour Gas
• Rotten Egg gas
• Sulphurated Hydrogen
• H2S
There are many other name for Hydrogen
Sulphide but the most common name is
H2S
 Properties and Characteristics
•
Colorless
• Offensive odor (rotten eggs)
• Concentrations >100ppm paralyzes the sense of
smell
• Extremely toxic
• Easily dispersed by wind or fans
• Flammable
• Flammable Range from 4.3% LEL – 46% UEL
• Corrosive
• Heavier than air (specific gravity 1.189)
• Soluble in oil and water.
 Effect on our Body
H2S is an Irritant
• H2S is an irritant gas when react to
water it forms a week acid.
• There is water in our eyes, nose,
throat and respiratory system which
leads to irritation
• Examples: burning eyes, sore/scratchy
throat, coughing, respiratory irritation.
 Effect on our Body
Normal Breathing System
• When we breath we breath in
oxygen and gas exchange take
place through air sacks (alveoli) in
our lungs.
• We than breath out oxygen and
carbon dioxide
 Effect on our Body
Oxygen Reaction with blood
This oxygen is mix to our red blood cell and when
this blood moves in our body and brain our whole
body get oxygen as a result we can breath.

Blood Cell
O2
 Effect on our Body
H2S Reaction with blood
Now if we inhale H2S. H2S do not allow oxygen to
mix our red blood cell. If our blood stop to get
oxygen we our brain stops to get oxygenated
blood.

H2S Blood Cell

O2
 Effect on our Body
H2S react to our brain:
• Once H2S is in your brain it attack the respiratory control center .H2S
try to shut it down, as a result we can not breath.
• H2S also deadens the sense of smell.
• At a concentration of greater than 100ppm your sense of smell
finished.
• So never trust your nose to detect H2S.

H2S Blood Cell

 Effect on our Body
H2S effect our body depends on three ways:
Duration:
How long you are exposed to H2S
Intensity:
What is concentration of H2S
Susceptibility:
The Health of Individuals
 Exposure Limits
PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit):
• Defined as a maximum air concentration you can be
Exposed of 8 hours a shift or 40 hours a week without
respiratory protection.
• Establish by OSHA, making it as law.
• PEL for H2S = 10 PPM
• In PEL you can not exceed of 10 PPM at any time.

PPM mean Part Per Million

 Exposure Limits
STEL (Short Term Exposure Limits):
• Some gases and vapors have an allowable maximum Short
Term Exposure Limit
• Based on 15 minute time exposure
STEL for H2S= 15 PPM
IDLH (Immediately dangerous to life and Health):
At once effect on your body, irritation in your eyes, nose,
throat and you lose your sense at this concentration.
IDLH for H2S = 100PPM

PPM mean Part Per Million

 Exposure Limits
TWA (Time Weighted Average):
• Defined as maximum concentration of any toxic gas to which a worker can
be exposed of an average of 8 hours a shift or 40 hours a week.
• TWA for H2S = 10 PPM
• You can cross this range or less than this range, but your average should be
10 PPM for 8 hours. Also do not cross the ceiling value any time or 15 PPM
for 15 min only.
Ceiling:
• Ceiling is the maximum concentration to which an unprotected worker may
be exposed
• Ceiling concentration should never be exceeded even for an instant
• Ceiling for H2S = 25 PPM

PPM mean Part Per Million

STEL, Ceiling and TWA

Ceiling

STEL
TWA

15 min.
 Different concentration of H2S
With different concentration of H2S different effect on our health
1 PPM Smell (rotten egg)
10 PPM 8 hr TWA
15 PPM 15 min
100 PPM Lose sense of smell, coughing, burning in eyes,
headache and dizziness and respiratory
Irritation.
300 PPM Loss of consciousness with time less than 30
min.
1000PPM Immediate respiratory arrest, loss of
consciousness, followed by death.
 Flammability
• H2S is highly flammable and explosive gas
• The flammability range
LEL = 4.3% or 43,000PPM1% = 10,000 PPM
UEL = 46% or 460,000 PPM
• When H2S get fire there is another toxic gas SO2
(Sulfur dioxide)
• PEL for S02 = 2 PPM
• IDLH for SO2 = 20 PPM
 SO2
• SO2 is colorless and highly toxic gas .
• When it react with water it forms a week sulfuric
acid.
• It burns with blue flame.
• It can suffocate the victims.
• It will also burn your lungs from inside by
forming acid and destroying the alveoli.
• Specific gravity of SO2 is 2.264 ( where air = 1).
So it is Lighter than air.
 SO2
2 PPM: Safe 8 hour Exposure- TLV

5 PPM: Pungent detectable odor- STEL

12 PPM: Severe chest constriction, throat &

eye irritation – TLV- C

100 PPM: Immediately Dangerous to Life

& Health- IDLH

500 PPM: Causes nausea, suffocation

even at first breath
 Corrosiveness
• H2S corrodes the carbon steel readily.
• The oxidization (rusting) on the surface of
the metal from iron sulfide scale, or black
scale.
• Iron sulfide scale is pyrophoric.
• Iron sulfide will flash as it dries and is
exposed to air.
• H2S is also cause corrosiveness in pipeline
and drilling equipment cause them to break
down.
 Detection & Monitoring
• An essential part of an effective safety
procedure
• Human senses cannot be relied upon
• At very low concentrations, H2S paralyzes the
sense of smell.
• Always trust on gas monitor.
• When they give the alarm evacuate
immediately.
 Detection & Monitoring
There are two types of monitoring
Many years ago some kind of animal to
detect H2S
1. Personal monitor
2. Fixed monitors

Personal
Fixed
 Personal Monitor
• Small and convenient
• Can take everywhere with you and easy
to use.
• Monthly Pump check
• Three months calibration.
• Give alarm at 10 PPM
• There is vibration, light and alarm
 Fixed Monitor
• On the rig floor at the Driller’s position and about 18
inches above the floor.
• At the top of the bell nipple.
• At the flow line opening to the shale shaker.
• Cellar or underneath the choke manifold, above the
choke manifold skid floor

Cellar Area Bell Nipple Drilling Floor Shale Shaker

 Alarm System
• Amber strobe lights and horn
• First alarm at 10 ppm (visual)
• High alarm at 20 ppm (visual & audible).
• Alarm system shall be located in clearly
visible locations so that personnel in any work
area can see and/or hear at least one set.
• Audible alarms be inside the rig site living
quarters.
• H2S alarm system shall be positioned at the
rig camp so that all personnel can see and
hear the alarm.
 Stay wind smart
• Always pay attention
to flags or wind socks
Well
• When the alarm Head

sounds retreat cross

wind to safe Air

breathing area.
 PROTECTION AGAINST H2S
There types of respirator is for H2S
environment
1.Air Line Unit
2.Escape unit
3.Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
H2S Environments require Positive Pressure in the
face mask
Pushes the air out of the leaks instead of letting you
pull toxic gases in
 PROTECTION AGAINST H2S
The cylinder contained the grade D or grade E air
not contained pure oxygen.
Air contains many gases
 PROTECTION AGAINST H2S
Escape Unit:
• This contain only 5 min air
• Not use for rescue or work
Air Line unit:
• This contain only 15 min air
and this 15 min air is use
for escape .
• Use for work after taking
line from cascade system.
 PROTECTION AGAINST H2S
SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus)
• This contained only 30 min air
When we use SCBA
• gas testing
• rescue of casualty in enclosed or confined space
• fire fighting
• containing or cleaning toxic spills
• where use of cascade system air supply
dangerous
• recovering control of adverse operational
situation
• in case of an emergency
 SCBA
SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus)
 SCBA key features:
• Positive pressure system
• Open circuit
• Demand valve
• Pressure reducer
 SCBA
 SCBA face mask difficulties:
• Facial hair
• Spectacles
• Using mask in enclosed space
• Small or irregular shaped faces
 Using SCBA
• Prepare Equipment – check cylinder pressure,
face piece, and harness.
• Put on Cylinder – adjust and tighten straps.
• Put on Face piece – Tighten straps starting at
the chin first.
• Negative Pressure Test – Block face piece
opening and breath in to check for seal and
breath out to check exhalation valve.
• Connect Air – Open cylinder, connect
regulator, and breath.
 Rescue Procedures
• H2S kill many of us when we are not trained,
and we attempt rescue.
• Remember always protect yourself first than
others.
• Always work in pairs or use buddy system
• You should know how to use SCBA.
• If you are not trained do not do rescue
 Rescue Procedures
• Step 1 – Evacuate Immediately – if there is an
release of H2S you must evacuate the areas immediately,
moving upwind or crosswind and to a higher location.
• Step 2 – Sound the Alarm – notify the control room
that there is a H2S release and where. Ask for help.
• Step 3 – Assess the Situation – quickly assess if
there are other hazards that could put you at risk. (explosive
mixture)
• Step 4 – Protect yourself by putting on SCBA –
Always don breathing air before attempting a rescue. Use
SCBA packs and never escape packs for performing a rescue.
 Rescue Procedures
• Step 5 – Rescue the victim – You may rescue
by yourself if you know help is coming. Move
victim upwind to fresh air.
• Step 6 – Revive the Victim – assess the victim
for vital signs. If not breathing artificial
respiration must be started.
• Step 7 – Get Medical Aid – All H2S victims
require medical attention. Never leave the
victim alone.
Rescue Procedures
 First Aid Procedures
1. Determine unresponsiveness
2. Open the airway.
3. Give 2 slow breaths
4. Check for a pulse
5. If no pulse, begin chest
compressions. 15 compressions and
2 slow breaths.
6. After 4 cycles or 1 minute, check
pulse again.
Note: you should be trained in CPR
before administering. .