Learning

Competency
Learning
Competency
GO, GO, GO!
 “are books better
Learning
Competency
than the
television?”
Lesson 1

Persuasive Writing
 Distinguish between and
Learning
among patterns of
Competency
development in writing
1 across disciplines
(persuasion)
(EN11/12RWS-IIIbf-3.8).
Objectives

● recognize the vocabulary commonly used in

persuasive writing; and
● determine and apply the different techniques in
persuasive writing.
 Learn about It!

Persuasive Writing

● This intends to convince readers to believe in an idea and to

do an action.
● Many writings such as critiques, reviews, reaction papers,
editorials, proposals, advertisements, and brochures use
different methods of persuasion to influence readers.
 Learn about It!

Common Words/Phrases Used

in Persuasive Writing

When Answering When Listing When Drawing

the Opposition Evidence Conclusions

some may say… first, second, third… therefore…

but/however... another/next… thus…
nevertheless… finally... hence…
on the other hand... consequently
 Learn about It!

Three Techniques in Persuasive Writing

1. Presenting strong evidence

Evidence in the form of facts and statistics, statements of

expert authorities, and research findings establish credibility.
 Learn about It!

Although the general smoking ban is a good step, more

attention should be given to preventing smoking among
students, especially minors. Although it is technically illegal for
minors to purchase cigarettes, studies have found that a large
number of smokers are below the legal age. According to the
2015 Philippine Global Youth Survey, 14.6% of high school
students aged 13 to 15 use tobacco products. To make
matters worse, 47.5% of students who smoked were able
 Learn about It!

Three Techniques in Persuasive Writing

2. Concrete, relevant, and reasonable examples

These can enhance the writer’s idea or opinion. They can be

based on observations or the writer’s personal experiences.
 Learn about It!

I believe that the strict monitoring of employees’ internet activity is an

ineffective deterrent to workplace laziness and has little to no positive
effect on productivity.

For example, in our team, I’ve noticed that the top performers are
those who take frequent but short breaks to surf the net
(usually on their phones using mobile internet, as the wi-fi in
our office makes use of website blocking) and share interesting
safe for work articles with each other to rest from the
 Learn about It!

I think that those who are lazy will always find a way to neglect their
work and submit subpar outputs whether or not they can surf the
internet. Our most problematic teammates, for example, often do
other things besides go on the internet to avoid working.

More stringent evaluation of outputs and sanctions on sloppy work

would be more effective in weeding out bad workers. Employees, after
all, are almost always adults, and should be able to take responsibility
 Learn about It!

Three Techniques in Persuasive Writing

3. Accurate, current, and balanced information

This adds to the credibility of persuasive writing. The writer

does not only present evidence that favors his or her ideas,
but he or she also acknowledges some evidence that
opposes his or her own. In the writing, though, his or her
ideas would be more sound.
 Learn about It!

Whenever we see bullying portrayed in media, more often than not it is

male students bullying each other. But is that reflective of real life?
Maybe not.

According to the National Bullying Prevention Center, a slightly

higher portion of female than of male students report being
bullied at school (23 percent versus 19 percent.) However, this
does not take into account unreported bullying.
 Drills

True or False.
1. The purpose of persuasive writing is to convince someone to
agree with your viewpoint or a cause.
2. Presenting strong evidences helps establish credibility in
persuasive writing.
3. Persuasive writing provides an opportunity for the students’
voice to be heard.
4. Persuasive writing engages readers in a healthy and intellectual
argument.
5. Persuasive writing involves only the opinion of the writer.
Lesson 2

Modes in Persuasion
 Distinguish between and
Learning among patterns of
Competency development in writing
1 across disciplines
(persuasion)
(EN11/12RWS-IIIbf-3.8).
Objective
● recognize the modes of persuasion in texts; and
● apply the use of the different modes of persuasion
in formulating arguments.
Essential Question

How do we decide which mode of persuasion

is best for given situations?
 Warm Up!

Think-Pair-Share
Choose a textual advertisement. It can be the same one you
brought to class for Lesson 1. Discuss the following with your
seatmate:

1. Which specific line in that advertisement effectively captures the

audience’s attention?
2. Why do you think this style of advertising is effective?
3. Do you know of other advertisements that use the same style?
 Review

1. What are the three different ways of persuading

people?
2. When or how do we often use persuasion in our
daily lives?
 Learn about It!

Modes of Persuasion
● These were introduced by the Greek philosopher Aristotle
(384 BCE–332 BCE).
● He used these to teach his students how to convince their
audience.
● Ethos, pathos, and logos are the modes of persuasion or
ethical strategies to convince an audience of one’s credibility
or character.
 Learn about It!

Modes of Persuasion
1. Ethos
It is the appeal to ethics. It focuses on using the credibility
of the writer to convince the audience. The writer’s
expertise on his or her subject matter, level of education,
and profession can support such credibility.

Ethos appeals to intelligence, virtue, morals, and perception

of trustworthiness.
 Learn about It!

I have been a child psychologist for the last fifteen years, and have kept up-to-date
with new findings regarding the behavior of children and how we must respond to
them. That is why I wish to discuss a parenting oversight that is taken for granted.
Oftentimes, for parents with multiple children, when there is a child who has more
troublesome behavior, parents focus their attention on that child and unconsciously
neglect the more quiet and well-behaved child. However, this teaches the latter child
the mindset that they must always stay out of the way and deal with all of their
problems alone. They eventually become incapable and unwilling to ask for help and
no longer trust their parents to be there for them. This is a mindset they may carry
into maturity. I encourage all parents to do your best to pay equal attention to your
children, no matter how mischievous or behaved each of them are.
 Learn about It!

Doctors recommend a daily water intake of about 15.5 cups (3.7 liters)
for men and about 11.5 cups (2.7 liters) for women.
 Learn about It!

Modes of Persuasion
2. Pathos
● It is the appeal to emotion.
● It is often used in advertising
● Pathos is not objective; it is not considered a legitimate
form of argument in many fields of study.
● Pathos appeals to emotions and feelings, biases and
prejudices, senses, and motivations.
 Learn about It!

Are you familiar with the setting often used in young adult dystopian
stories? Try to imagine yourself living in a world where food is scarce,
clean water is a luxury, and the only places you can live are either
barren wastelands or ice-cold tundras. The stories are fiction, but
these may be close to the reality of our future generations if we do
not address climate change today.
Don’t you wish for only the best for your children? Then enroll them
in our school! Our institution is not only locally-accredited, but is
recognized the world over for producing successful alumni.
 Learn about It!

Modes of Persuasion
3. Logos
This appeals to logic and reason. It aims to be factual in its
approach. In persuasive writing, facts are presented in a
logical manner, avoiding fallacies and unverified information.
Also, the supporting points must be logical in nature. Often,
the consistent use of logos builds ethos.

Logos utilizes evidence, testimony, statistics and data, and

universal truths.
 Learn about It!

Student debt in the U.S.A. is a pressing issue for incoming, current,

and future college students; it is one we must address as swiftly and
effectively as possible. For the families of incoming students, even
finding a way to pay for tuition fees is a great financial burden.

Financial firm Fidelity Investments recently held a survey for parents

regarding their most wanted presents for the Christmas season,
and 84% of responses expressed a desire for financial aid for
their children’s tuition fees rather than traditional presents.
 Learn about It!

Equality, at is very core, is defined as the state of being equal,

especially in status, rights, and opportunities. Marginalized
sectors of society simply wish to have the same rights as everyone
else, but the privileged sectors of society take their own rights and
opportunities for granted, resulting in them perceiving the complaints
of the marginalized as “asking for special treatment.”
 Try It! Solution

True or False.

1. Ethos appeals to the emotions of the audience.

2. Using logos promotes truthfulness and accuracy among the sets
of evidence.
3. Pathos is the most used mode of persuasion in advertisements.
4. The writer’s expertise on a subject matter also helps establish
persuasion.
5. Pathos is considered to be objective or biased.
 Try It! Solution

Identify what mode of persuasion was used in each

statement.
1. I have studied this topic for the past ten years. Therefore, I can
tell you that this is not the correct way to teach language to
young learners.
2. If we don't accept the migration offer, we're all going to die here!
Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?
3. You should consider taking another route when you leave later. I
heard that that road is far more dangerous and ominous at night
than during the daytime.
 Try It! Solution

4. More than two thousand peer-reviewed studies have been

conducted over the past two decades and none of them suggest
that this is an effective treatment for hair loss.
5. Research compiled by analysts from NASA, as well as
organizations from five other nations with space programs,
suggests that a moon colony is viable with international support.
6. My mom left me as a child, and I had to pretty much raise my
brother. It was tough, but we got through it.
 Try It! Solution

7. The dropout rate in St. Kitts Academy is only 2%. That shows that
St. Kitt's Academy is successful at keeping kids in school.
8. Mrs. Reyes’s class is so hard. Only half of her students actually
pass.
9. I ate one of their pecan chocolate bars, and it really tasted good
to me.
10.Many experts in constitutional law have warned that the rule
violates civil rights. However, other experts have viewed the rule,
however regretfully, as necessary for the good of the community
as a whole.
 Try It! Solution

Write two arguments for each mode of persuasion.

Topic: Why should homework be removed from the

curriculum?
LOGOS ETHOS PATHOS
 Values Integration

How can we incorporate respect, understanding, and

fairness when persuading others?
 Let’s Think!

Analyzing Speech
1. Form groups with five members each.
2. Choose one inaugural speech delivered by any of the
Philippine presidents.
3. Read the text and analyze it for the techniques used to
persuade the audience. Identify at least three specific
examples of each mode of persuasion: ethos, logos, and
pathos. Cite the appeal and evidence from the text for each
example.
 Let’s Think!

4. Write your answers in table form like the table below on a

one whole sheet of paper, and transfer your answers on a
manila paper or cartolina.
LOGOS PATHOS ETHOS
 Let’s Think!

5. Assign a representative to share your answers in class.

6. After the activity, answer the following questions:
a. How did you identify the different modes of persuasion
in your chosen inaugural speech?
b. What was the easiest part of the activity? What was the
most difficult part of the activity?
c. What did you learn from the activity?
 Let’s Think!
Criteria Beginning Developing Accomplished Score
(0–1 points) (2–3 points) (4–5 points)
Task Achievement Many of the lines cited Some of the lines cited The group was able to
were wrong. Many were incorrect. Some completely and
answers were missing. answers were missing. correctly recognize lines
according to their mode
of persuasion.
Teamwork/ Group did not work well Group communicated The group worked very
Participation together. There were relatively well with a few well with each other
obvious lapses in the and the presentation
miscommunications presentation; some was shared equally
and lapses in the students dominated the among the group
presentation. presentation and others members.
did not participate
much.
 Let’s Think!
Criteria Beginning Developing Accomplished Score
(0–1 points) (2–3 points) (4–5 points)
Visual Aid(s) Visual aids were not Visual aids used were Visual aids used were
(Chart paper/ used at all. somewhat effective, but used effectively
markers/cue cards) weren't used throughout the
consistently throughout presentation. Group
the presentation. members used visual
aids as a supplement,
not as a crutch.
Correctness Little attention has been Attention has been paid Great attention has
paid to correctness. to correctness. Script been paid to
Script contains many contains minor errors, correctness. Script
errors which limit the none of which interfere contains essentially no
clarity of with clarity of errors which interfere
communication. communication. with clarity of
communication.
 Assignment
1. Read Mark Twain’s essay “Advice to Youth.”
2. Identify at least two examples for each mode of
persuasion in the essay. Categorize the statements on a
table.
LOGOS PATHOS ETHOS
Lesson 3

Common Logical
Fallacies
 Distinguish between and
Learning
among patterns of
Competency
development in writing
1 across disciplines
(persuasion)
(EN11/12RWS-IIIbf-3.8).
Objective
● recognize fallacies committed in texts; and
● analyze what makes a particular point a logical
fallacy.
Essential Question

Why do we have to avoid logical fallacies in our

arguments?
 Learn about It!

Modes of Persuasion
● These were introduced by the Greek philosopher Aristotle
(384 BCE–332 BCE).
● He used these to teach his students how to convince their
audience.
● Ethos, pathos, and logos are the modes of persuasion or
ethical strategies to convince an audience of one’s credibility
or character.
 Learn about It!

Six Common Logical Fallacies

1. Ad Hominem
2. Faulty Cause and Effect
3. Either/or Reasoning
4. Hasty Generalization
5. False Analogy
6. Circular Reasoning
 Learn about It!

Ad Hominem
In this type of argument, the writer opposes the point made by
attacking the person who makes them. Instead of discussing the
issue, the writer calls the opponent names.
Commenter 1: That accused man is being witch-hunted! He should sue the accusers of
defamation so they will have to prove their accusations.

Commenter 2: Actually, according to the laws in the State he was convicted in, the burden of
proof in a defamation case would fall to the person filing the case. That man wouldn’t have
much of a case since the allegations against him have been corroborated by multiple sources.
 Learn about It!

Faulty Cause and Effect

Two events that happen sequentially are causally related. This
argument is also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc (“after this,
therefore because of this”).

The school shooter was playing video games during the days before he
committed the crime. Because he was playing video games before the
incident, it is obvious that the blame for his actions should fall on video
games.
 Learn about It!

Either/Or Reasoning
This type of reasoning provides the reader with two options
that do not recognize complexity. Often, those who use this
in an argument oversimplify the problem and only provide
two solutions or reasons for a problem.
You claim to love the Philippines but you’re always criticizing the
government. That means you must hate the Philippines!
 Learn about It!

Hasty Generalization
This is the generalization or conclusion drawn based on little
evidence or a piece of evidence that is not representative of
the whole.

I was very unhealthy when I was fat. After I became a lot thinner, I
also became healthier. Therefore being thin means you are healthy.
 Learn about It!

False Analogy
To compare an issue, event, person, or object to another can be
useful, but the comparison can confuse or mislead the
audience, too. There may be more differences than similarities
between the two ideas being compared, and one reason may
apply to one but not the other.
People who need to drink coffee every morning to function are no
different from drug addicts who need their fix every day.
 Learn about It!

Circular Reasoning
It states the very thesis as its proof. Too often, the supporting
details are merely rephrasing the statement.

Citizens who live below the poverty line are desperate to carve a better
future for themselves because they do not wish to be poor.
 Try It! Solution

Identify what fallacy is committed in the following

statements.
1. The team won the game because their team captain was wearing
his lucky socks.
2. Two members of the team became great public speakers after
taking a crash course. That proves that everyone must take
mandatory crash course to improve communication skills.
3. Every person is either my enemy or my friend. If he/she is my
enemy I should hate him/her. If he/she is my friend I should love
him/her. So I should either love him/her or hate him/her.
 Try It! Solution

4. What she says about Johannes Kepler's astronomy of the

1600s is garbage. I mean, just look at her face; she looks like
an idiot.
5. I've met two people in Somalia so far, and they were both
nice to me. So, all of the people I will meet in Somalia will be
nice to me.
6. I have a right to freedom of speech so I can say what I want
and the government can’t arrest me.
 Try It! Solution

7. Right when I sneezed, the power went off. I must've caused

the power outage.
8. Couple: Why should we consult with her? She is a divorcee
herself.
9. Smoking in public is against the law because it’s wrong; I
know it’s wrong because it is against the law.
10.Everyone mourned the loss of Harambe, the Gorilla.
 Try It! Solution

Cite statements from famous essays or speeches that

commit the following fallacies. Give two for each fallacy.

1. Ad Hominem

2. False Cause and Effect

3. Either/or Reasoning

4. Hasty Generalization

5. False Analogy

6. Circular Reasoning
 Values Integration

Why should we be conscious about the words that

we say?
Lesson 4

Frequently Used
Sources of
Information in
Persuasive Writing
 Distinguish between and
Learning
among patterns of
Competency
development in writing
1 across disciplines
(persuasion)
(EN11/12RWS-IIIbf-3.8).
Objective
● determine the different sources of information; and
● analyze the source of information used in texts.
Essential Question

Why should we choose our sources of information

carefully?
 Warm Up!

Think-Pair-Share
What source of information should you use if you want to
persuade:

● your parents to buy you a new gadget?

● your teacher to accept your project proposal?
● your friend to buy the same product that you use?

Discuss your answers with your seatmate.

 Review

1. What are the techniques used in persuasive

writing?
2. What are the different modes of persuasion?
3. What are the common logical fallacies committed
in writing?
 Learn about It!

Facts

● These make an argument solid. They can be based on the

findings of experts and studies or one’s own observation,
experiment, or personal experience.
 Learn about It!

One reason for eating breakfast is because you need food to

do well in your classes. If you do not, your body and brain
will not function as well as they can because you have no
energy and no strength. Breakfast provides us with energy.
The nutrients found in breakfast food, such as calcium, iron,
B vitamins, protein, and fiber, are essential to the body.
According to studies, if a person missed eating breakfast,
they will less likely be compensated throughout the day.
 Learn about It!

Statistics

○ This source of evidence can in fact be very persuasive

because numbers do not lie. However, the numbers should
be accurate, and the data should come from a reliable
source.
 Learn about It!

"Paper or plastic?" That is the major question that shoppers

usually face as they check out at the supermarket. However,
both options take a major toll on the environment. It's
estimated that somewhere between 500 billion and a trillion
plastic bags are used each year throughout the world -- many
of them winding up in landfills, where it can take hundreds or
thousands of years for them to decompose. And about 14
million trees are cut down each year to make paper grocery
bags.
 Learn about It!

Judgment

○ This refers to what the writer assumes about his or her topic
given the facts. He or she may present facts first and then
make judgments about those facts.
 Learn about It!

Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. It’s the perfect
thing to wake up to after a long night of sleep. It is important
because it tastes absolutely delicious, it’s an important source
of energy for the day, and it helps with weight loss.
 Learn about It!

Testimony
○ This has two types, namely the account of an eyewitness
and the expert’s opinion. Both types are considered valid
and can make an argument convincing. The eyewitness
account can provide important facts, while the judgment of
the expert can further strengthen the argument.
 Learn about It!

After I switched from using plastic and paper bags to bringing

my own reusable bag when I shop, I found that I’ve been
saving a bit of money because I don’t need to pay the stores
to provide me with a bag. I also realized that my reusable bag
is more durable, which means that there is much less danger
of my bag tearing and dropping my items onto the floor. Not
to mention the fact that I am now happier in the knowledge
that I am helping the environment in my own small way.
 Try It! Solution

1. Persuading the reader of the alarming rate of teenage pregnancy in the country.
2. The purpose of persuasive writing is to convince someone to agree with your viewpoint or a
cause.
3. Presenting strong evidences helps establish credibility in persuasive writing.
4. Persuasive writing provides an opportunity for the students’ voice to be heard.
5. Persuasive writing engages readers in a healthy and intellectual argument.
6. Persuasive writing involves only the opinion of the writer.
7. Persuading the reader of the benefits of paying for one’s own college tuition.
8. Persuading the reader to purchase the soap brand you are using.
9. Persuading the reader to side with your stand on the ‘no homework policy.’
10. Persuading the community to start segregating wastes.
Learning
Competency
This intends to convince
readers to believe in an idea
and to do an action. 
Learning
Competency
PERSUASIVE
WRITING
 TRUE OR FALSE
Learning
Competency
Presenting strong evidence
helps establish credibility in
persuasive writing.
Learning
Competency

TRUE
 A mode
Learning of persuasion that is
Competency
the appeal to ethics. It focuses
on using the credibility of the
writer to convince the
audience.
Learning
Competency

ETHOS
Learning
Competency
A mode of persuasion that is
the appeal to emotion.
Learning
Competency

PATHOS
Learning
Competency
A mode of persuasion that
appeals to logic and reason
Learning
Competency

LOGOS
 In this
Learning
type of argument, the
writer opposes the point made
Competency
by attacking the person who
makes them. Instead of
discussing the issue, the writer
calls the opponent names.
 AD
Learning
Competency

HOMINEM
Learning
It states
Competency the very thesis as its
proof. Too often, the supporting
details are merely rephrasing
the statement.
 CIRCULAR
Learning
Competency

REASONING
 This is
Learning the generalization or
Competency
conclusion drawn based on
little evidence or a piece of
evidence that is not
representative of the whole.
Learning
Competency
HASTY
GENERALIZATION
 This
Learning
refers to what the writer
assumes about his or her topic
Competency
given the facts. He or she may
present facts first and then
make judgments about those
facts.
Learning
Competency

JUDGMENT
 These
Learning
make an argument solid.
They can be based on the
Competency
findings of experts and studies
or one’s own observation,
experiment, or personal
experience.
Learning
Competency

FACTS