LECTURE 5

IFTIKHAR AHMAD
D.G AUDIT
 PART 1
Barriers to Effective Communication
• Definition: Barriers to Communication
Any circumstance that prevents the message
from being communicated as intended by the
sender to the recipient.
 There are many reasons why the message that
the sender sends is not the message that a
receiver receives and interprets. Barriers might
include:
1. Biasness:
Issues in the relationship between the sender
and receiver that can lead to bias.
2. Noise:
Physical interference that damage the message as
it was being communicated.
3.Confusing messages:
Confusing and conflicting messages leading to
distortion.
4. Selecting the wrong channel:
For example trying to explain a complicated
concept with words when a diagram and logical
written explanation would be more effective.
5.Interruptions and Distractions:
Suffering interruptions and distractions during
transmission of the message.
6. No Feedback:
Receiver does not provide feedback.
7. Lack of information:
For example contextual information that is critical
to understanding how to interpret a message.
8. Faulty system:
Weak mobile phone signal.
9. Stereotyping assumptions:
That the recipient has a particular level of
understanding.
10. Use of Technical jargon or complicated language.
11. Poor listening skills of the receiver:
Lack of attention, ability to absorb information or
perceptual selection in simple terms “selective
hearing” hear only what they want to hear.
12. Non verbal signs that contradict a verbal
message:
For example shaking the head which would imply
no was actually saying yes.
13. Information overload:
this can become a huge issue particularly with emails whereby
the recipient is so overloaded with the volume of messages that
they are simply unable to read, interpret and act on all the
communication received.
14. Differences in education and/or social background leading to
cultural differences and varying interpretations of the same
message. For example in many countries around the world a
“Thumbs Up “is a positive good news gesture meaning ok yes or
i approve whereas in some countries such as Afghanistan,
Nigeria, parts of Italy ,Greece and South America it is an
offensive and insultive insult.
15. Sender and receiver speak different languages.
16. Sender and receiver dislike each other and do not
trust each other.
17. Biased Recipient:
The recipient of the information may be biased
either due to personal and cultural differences.
18. Physical distance between sender and recipient for
example Sydney Australia and New York USA time
zone making arranging a video conference difficult.
19. Filtering of information :
This refers to the sender's deliberate suppression or
manipulation of information so that it may seem in a more
favourable perspective by the receiver. It includes concealment
of information by the sender which is not considered to be in
accordance with the expectation or viewpoints of the receiver.
20. Selective perception :
This describes the process by which the subconscious mind
subjectively “decides” which stimuli relating to an object,
person or event or a relevant and accepts only such stimuli
which do not contradict the interest, experience , background
and attitude of the recipient and match the individuals view
points. All such stimuli are considered irrelevant by the
recipient and ignored and rejected by the subconscious mind.
 PART 2
PRECIS (EXERCISE)
The education is desirable is the opinion of all modern civilized
states, but is, nevertheless, a proposition which has at all times
been disputed by some men whose judgement commands
respect. those who oppose education do so on the ground that it
cannot achieve its professed objects. Before we can adequately
examine their opinion, we must, therefore, decide what it is that
we should wish education to accomplish if possible: on this
question there are many divergent views as there is one
temperamental cleavage which goes deeper than any of the
other controversies, and that is the cleavage between those who
consider education primarily in relation to the individual psyche
and those who consider it in relation to the community.
(120 words)
 SOLUTION
Important points:
1. Different opinions about education.
2. Some against that it failed to achieve its objects.
3. Education in relation to individual, education in relation to the
community.
Title: “Problems of Education and Different Opinions”
Precis:
The problem of education is a disputed one. Even if the
modern civilized states think it desirable, its goal cannot be
determined. Some people think that the aim of education is to
develop individual capabilities, others regard development of
the community as the object.
(45 words)
 PART 3
COMPREHENSION
Sometimes an unseen passage is given in the paper and the
candidates are asked to read it carefully and give answers to the
questions given at the end. This exercise is called comprehension.
The purpose behind it is to know whether candidates understand
the passage accurately and are able to answer the questions
correctly.
Rules of Comprehension:
1. Read the given passage 2 to 3 times to understand it.
2. Try to understand the questions given at the end of the passage.
3. Underline the passage that gives answer to the question according
to the question number.
4. Write answers in your own words.
5. Answer the questions in the tense in which the question was asked.
 EXERCISE
To understand man we must look beyond the individual man and
his actions, or interests and view him in combination with his
fellows. it is in society that man first feels what he is, first becomes
what he can be. In society, and altogether new set of spiritual
activities are involved in him, and the old immeasurably quickened
and strengthened. Society is the genial element in which his nature
first lives and grows. "Already", says a deep thinker, "My opinion,
my conviction, gains infinitely in strength and sureness the moment
a second mind has adopted it." Such, in its simplest form, is
association; so wondrous the comminion of souls with, soul as
directed to the mayor act of knowing! in other and higher acts, the
wonder is still more manifest. It is in society, we might almost say,
that morality begins. The duties of man to himself, to what is
highest in himself, make but the first table of the law. To is now edit
a second, with the duties of man to his neighbour, by which also
the significance of the first now assumes its two importance.
 SOLUTION
Questions:
a. What should we do to understand men?
b. Why should we look beyond the individual
man to understand him?
c. What is the importance of society?
d. What does the writer mean by "morality"?
e. What are the two tables of the law?
Answers:
a. To understand man we must look beyond the individual
man and study him in relation to society.
b. We should look beyond the individual man because he is
the product of a particular society in which he has lived and
grown. We should view him in combination with his fellows
and environment.
c. Society is very important because in it the nature of man
first lives and grows. Moreover, it is in society that morality
begins.
d. By "Morality" the writer means a social law.
e. There are two tables of law. One concerns the duties of
man to himself; the other, the duties of man to his
neighbour.