COMMUNICATION

THEORIES IN
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
LESSON 3
 DEFINE INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN THE
PROBLEMS ABOUT
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATIION

agenda BE FAMILIAR WITH THE POINTS

TO CONSIDER TO OVERCOME
PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
UNDERSTAND THE VARIOUS
CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
OF THE THEORIES AND
CRITIQUE EACH THEORY
 WHAT IS
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION?
Intercultural communication refers to the
exchange of information and ideas between
individuals or groups from different cultural
backgrounds. It involves understanding and
effectively communicating with people from
different cultures, taking into account their
language, values, beliefs, customs, and
communication styles.

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THE THREE MAIN PROBLEM IN
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
CULTURE BARRIERS LANGUAGES ETHNOCENTRISM

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FOR THE COMMUNICATOR TO OVERCOME
PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED RELATED TO ANTICIPATE THE
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION VARYING
INTERPRETATION OF THE
RECEIVER OF THE
MESSAGE HE/SHE WILL
GET
BE CULTURALLY
SENSITIVE

BE LENIENT IN
ENCONDING MESSAGES

AVOID USING THE

USE WORDS, PICTURES, INFORMAL/ SLANG,
AND GESTURES (HEAD IDIOMS, REGIONAL
AND HAND) WHEN LANGUAGE
CONVERSING VERNACULARS
 ESTABLISH RAPPORT OT
FACE-TO-FACE
RELATIONSHIP

CONSIDER SELECTIVE
TRANSMISSIONS

OBSERVE CAREFULL
ENCODING OF FEEDBACK

ACCEPT FEEDBACK ENHANCE LISTENING AND

POSITIVELY OBSERVATION SKILLS
COMMUNICATION
ACCOMMODATION
THEORY
THEORY 1
Communication Accommodation is a theory
of communication developed by Howard
Giles. Concerned with the links between
language, context and identity. It focuses on
both the intergroup and interpersonal
factors that lead to accommodation as well
as the ways in which power, macro and
micro context concerns affect
communication behavior.

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THE COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION
THEORY MAINLY GUIDED BY FOUR
ASSUMPTIONS:
FIRST THERE ARE SPEECHAND BEHAVIORAL SIMILARITIES AND
ASSUMPTION DISSIMILARITIES IN ALL CONVERSATIONS

THE WAY PEOPLE PERCEIVE THE SPEECH AND BEHAVIORS OF

SECOND
ANOTHER WILL DETERMINE THE EVALUATION OF THE
ASSUMPTION
CONVERSATION

LANGUAGE AND BEHAVIORS HAVE THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE

THIRD
SOCIAL STATUS AND GROUP BELONGING BETWEEN PEOPLE IN A
ASSUMPTION
CONVERSATION

FOURTH NORMS GUIDE THE ACCOMMODATION PROCESS WHICH VARIES IN ITS

ASSUMPTION DEGREE OF APPROPRIATENESS

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 SPEECH
ACCOMMODATION
THEORY
THEORY 2
The original form of the theory is the speech
accommodation theory. In the early 1970's,
Giles first observed speakers change their
accent to make it sound more similar to that of
their interlocutors during conversation. Giles
and Smith integrated this accent mobility
model into the speech accommodation theory.

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 The aim of the theory is to clarify the motivations underlying
speech accommodation, and it focuses on the strategies called
"convergence" and "divergence" in which speakers adjust their
speech patterns. Beebe and Giles introduced three main
motivations of accommodation:

1. To gain interlocutor's approval

2. To increase communication efficiency
3. To maintain positive social identity

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 Convergence - is an attempt at reducing the difference
between speakers their interlocutors.

Divergence- is an attempt at emphasizing the differences

between speakers and their interlocutors. The motivation
underlying divergences is "maintenance".

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 People usually have good intentions when they attempt to use
convergence in conversation, some interlocutors can perceive
convergence as patronizing and demeaning and hence just as it
can enhance conversation it can also detract from the process
of communication.

Over-accommodation can exist in three forms:

1. Sensory Over-accommodation
2. Dependency Over-accommodation
3. Intergroup Over-accommodation

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FACE NEGOTIATION
THEORY
THEORY 3
Face Negotiation Theory (FNT) is a
communication theory that explains how people
from different cultures manage and negotiate
their self-image, or "face," in social
interactions. Developed by Stella Ting-Toomey,
the theory emphasizes the role of culture in
shaping individuals' face concerns and their
strategies for managing face-threatening
situations.

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THE SEVEN CORE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE
THEORY:
FIRST PEOPLE IN ALL CULTURES TRY TO MAINTAIN AND NEGOTIATE FACE IN ALL
ASSUMPTION COMMUNICATION SITUATIONS

THE CONCEPT OF FACE IS ESPCIALLY PROBLEMATIC IN EMOTIONALLY

SECOND THREATENING OT IDENTIFY-VULNERABLE SITUATIONS WHEN THE
ASSUMPTION SITUATED IDENTITIES OF THE COMMUNICATORS ARE CALLED INTO
QUESTIONS

THE CULTURAL VALUE SPECTRUMS OF INDIVIDUALISM-COLLECTIVISM

THIRD
AND SMALL/LARGE POWER DISTANCE SHAPE FACE WORK CONCERNS AND
ASSUMPTION
STYLES

INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM VALUE PATTERNS SHAPE MEMBERS’

FOURTH
PREFERENCES FOR SELD-ORIENTED FACE CONCERN VERSUS OTHER
ASSUMPTION
ORIENTED OR MUTUAL-ORIENTED FACE CONCERN

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THE SEVEN CORE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE
THEORY:
SMALL AND LARGE POWER DISTANCE VALUE PATTERNS SHAPE MEMBERS’
FIFTH PREFERENCES FOR HORIZONTAL-BASED FACE WORK (INFORMAL
ASSUMPTION INTERACTION) VERSUS VERTICAL-BASED FACE WORK (FORMAL
INTERACTION)

THE VALUE DIMENSION, IN CONJUCTION WITH INDIVIDUAL, RELATION,

SIXTH TOPICAL, AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCE THE USE OF
ASSUMPTION PARTICULAR FACE WORK BEHAVIORS IN PARTICULARLY CONFLICT
SCENES.

INTERCULTURAL FACE WORK COMPETENCE REFERS TO THE OPTIMAL

INTEGRATION OF CULTURE-SENSITIVE KNOWLEDGE, MINDFULNESS AND
SEVENTH
FLEXIBLE COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN MANAGING VULNERABLE
ASSUMPTION
IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONS APPROPRIATELY,
EFFECTIVELYAND ADAPTIVELY

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 COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES
• is a community that prioritizes the group over the individual.
Collectivistic cultures emphasize personality traits and attributes
like cohesion, harmony, duty, interdependence, achievement of
group goals, and conflict avoidance.
THE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FACE:
• Face concern
• Face restoration
• Face giving

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STYLES OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
PRESENT IN FACE WORK:
• AVOIDING
• OBLIGING
• COMPROMISING
• DOMINATING
• INTEGRATING
• EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
• PASSIVE AGGRESSION
• THIRD-PARTY HELP

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SPEECH CODE
THEORY
THEORY 4
Speech Codes Theory, developed by Gerry
Philipsen in the late 1980s, focuses on how
different speech codes or cultural systems of
communication shape individuals' thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors. According to SCT,
speech codes consist of implicit rules or
patterns that govern how people communicate
within a particular cultural group.

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 The basic assumptions of Speech Code theory:

• Wherever there is a distinctive culture, there is to be found distinctive

speech code.
• In any given speech community, multiple speech codes are deployed.
• A speech code implicates a culturally distinctive psychology sociology,
and rhetoric.
• The significance of speaking is contingent upon the speech codes used by
interlocutors to constitute the meanings of communicative acts.
• The terms rules and premises of a speech code are in explicably woven
into speaking itself implies a methodology because...
• The artful use of a shared speech code is a sufficient condition for
predicting, explaining, and controlling the form of discourse about the
intelligibility, prudence, morality of communicative conduct.

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 THE IMPORTANCE ON
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
“Helps people to understand their
differences, find common ground,
and a better brand reputation
within businesses.’’

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 summary
In this chapter, intercultural
communication is described in relation to
language and culture. Language is seen as a
tool of communication. Effective
communication rest on the comprehension
among parties involved that are based on
the trust developed between them. Cultural
differences may be overlooked and
problems can be dealt with more easily. The
meaning of trust and how it is developed
and communicated varies across societies.
Similarly, some cultures have a greater
propensity to be trusting than others.

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THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!