Microcontroller 2 :

The Basics
There are 3 main
categories of
components

MCU /
Sensor Microcontroller /
ESP32 Actuator
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NOT THIS MCU! 3
 Sensor Actuator
(Provides data to MCU) Microcontroller (Make an action)
(Compute and Make
decision)
Sensor (NON EXHAUSTIVE LIST)

• Ultrasonic
• Passive Infrared
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Light intensity
• PH meter

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Ultrasonic sensor
(Distance measurement)

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Passive Infrared
(PIR)
(Movement
monitoring)

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Temperature sensor
(Temperature measuring)
Ambient Light Sensor
(Light intensity)

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Sensor • They come in different shapes and sizes!
• Different shape, different use cases
• Example : Temperature sensor for measuring surface
temperature is different than for measuring
liquid/ambient temperature

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ALWAYS REFER
TO THE
DATASHEET!

They provide what voltage they operate on

What range they can measure
How to connect the pins

Professional Moron 11
 Datasheet example

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Actuator (Non
Exhaustive List)

• LED
• Servo motor
• Wireless module

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Actuators
• They make action based on
decision made by the MCU
• They can either : Light up,
Move, Send data or anything
• Creativity is the key, think
outside the box!
• Don’t be afraid to try things,
they have safeguards.
• Worst case : you break a IDR
50.000 worth of electric
component but you get an
important lesson

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Simulate things
(Wokwi.com)

Worksheet

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Go to Wokwi.com • Create a new ESP32 Project
• Press the blue (+) button

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Parts! Finally!

You will find most of the parts

you need here, from resistor,
joystick, to biaxial stepper motor

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 Simple thing first

Let’s try to add 5 LEDs, make it so all 5 LEDs

have different colors

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No Datasheet?
But how do I wire
it?

If you click the “?” icon there

will be reference for the
selected component

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 Manage your
wirings! (Good
practice)

To manage your wirings, click on where you

want the wire connection to start, then click
where you want it to end. Then click on your
cable, you will see purple “Handle” to move
your wires around.

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 Less overlapping wires = BETTER

Complete the rest of your

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wires 21
Powering up the LED

• GPIO pin can output HIGH or LOW

• The GPIO pins on ESP32 board will provide 3.3 V if it’s set to “HIGH” status
• The voltage is enough to drive a small LED, and its low current won’t burn the LED without resistor
• REMEMBER! Good practice is to check the datasheet of actual part. In this case we don’t need resistor
because ESP32 can only provide small current. BUT A GOOD ENGINEERING PRACTICE WOULD
PUT A RESISTOR BEFORE THE LED ANODE
 • In this example, the LEDs
are wired to GPIO PINs :
• D23(Red LED)
• D22(Blue LED)
• D19(Green LED)
• D18(Light Blue LED)
• D5(Yellow LED)
• You don’t have to follow
exactly which PIN you’re
using, try the other GPIO
PINs!

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 Now the fun part
begins

Programming

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 #define <variable name> <pin number>
Setup() Defining PIN will make it easier down the road,
if you change the connected PIN of a component,
all you have to change is the define

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Setup() • Now, each of the PINs
connected to LED have to be
declared as OUTPUT
• If you are using 5 PINs to
power 5 LEDs then you have
to set all the pinModes for
all the PINs (this example
only shows 3 pinMode calls,
but you should make 5
pinMode calls)

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Loop()

• To output 3.3V from the GPIO PIN, use the

digitalWrite() function
• if set to HIGH the PIN will provide 3.3V
• If set to LOW the PIN will provide 0V
• This code will turn ON all the LEDs

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Now let’s modify it so the
LEDs are turning on in
sequence, then turn it all OFF

Adding a 2000ms delay for each digitalWrite() call

will make it so each LED has 2 second delay before
turning on

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Continued

Adding digitalWrite(<pin>, LOW) will turn off the

LEDs
Try the code and see what happens (Make sure you
are using corresponding PINs for EACH LEDs)

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Exercise