Comprehensive Driver’s

Education
ROAD SAFETY

SELECT TOPICS FROM HERE

 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

COURTESY
What is courtesy?
It is showing politeness in one's attitude
and behavior toward other road users

As a driver, be courteous, and give the

right of way when appropriate. Invoke your
right of way when it is proper, but always
drive defensively.

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

BE COURTEOUS
• To Passengers
• To Other Motorists
• To Pedestrians
• To Traffic Enforcers
• To Other Road Users

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

SELF-DISCIPLINE

What is Self-discipline?
Self-discipline is the ability to control yourself in a
particular way without needing outside supervision.

Driving requires a determined level of self-control and

proper reaction to a particular situation.
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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

ROAD DISCIPLINE

Road Discipline is…

Knowing and abiding
by the traffic laws,
rules and regulations.

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

STRESS

Physical, mental or
emotional tension
experienced by a
person that demands an
immediate and fair Grrrrrr !!!!
decision

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage
COMMON CAUSES OF STRESS WHILE DRIVING
• Personal and Family Problems
• Heavy Traffic
• Annoying and Excessive Horn or Noisy Mufflers
• Undisciplined and Discourteous Motorists, Passengers and Pedestrians
• Malfunctioning Traffic Lights
• Improper pavement markings
• Improper parking
• Improper handling of traffic by law enforcers
• Detour or closing of roads
• Fake “Emergency” Vehicles especially “ambulances”
• Incorrect headlights of oncoming vehicles
• Annoying tailgaters
• Unexplained sudden stop of vehicle in front
• Right of way insistence
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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

HOW TO HANDLE STRESS?

DUE TO PERSONAL OR FAMILY PROBLEMS
• Pull over
• Take deep breaths while counting backwards
• Turn some calming/enjoyable (jazz, folk songs, classical) music on. Avoid loud music.
• Eat something that may loosen up your stomach. Some people need food intake to release emotional
pressure. Others like a cup of coffee.
• Never put yourself in the driver’s seat unless you are completely in control of your emotions.

DUE TO UNDISCIPLINED MOTORISTS AND PEDESTRIANS

• Avoid going to crowded places where there are passing pedestrians, or sidewalk vendors
• Learn to pinpoint undisciplined drivers on the road and avoid them as much as possible
• Be humble and patient. If an aggressive driver is overtaking you, slow down and yield. If the
pedestrian isn’t in the right crosswalk, let them pass through.

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

HOW TO HANDLE STRESS?

DUE TO HEAVY TRAFFIC and BAD ROAD CONDITIONS
• Keep an open mind about possible ways to reschedule or reroute your drive. If possible, adjust
your departure time.
• STAY CALM. Only a few have road rages, don’t be one of them. Rather than thinking on how to
get out of traffic, take the opportunity to listen to your favorite music or radio program.
• Another solution is – SMILE. Think positive thoughts, no matter how bad the traffic.
• Know in advance, during rainy season, which roads are in a flood-prone area. Familiarity of the
road is an advantage, use it.
• Be familiar with alternative routes to your destination.
• As much as possible, carpool to reduce the vehicle volume on the road.

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

HOW TO HANDLE STRESS?

DUE TO UNLAWFUL TRAFFIC ENFORCERS

There are instances where Traffic Law Enforcers themselves are the ones contributing to the negative
emotions of a motorist. Positive response on the part of the motorist is the only way to avoid argument.

• Be polite to them.
• Help them resolve the issue by not complaining but to comply. Be constructive and not
destructive.
• Your complaint or observation may be heard at a proper place and time. Be heard when it is your
time to be heard. But not while you are at the steering wheel.
• There are lots of venues where you can air your grievances, but not on the road. Other motorists
have dashboard cameras and smart phones to record incidents. Use these devices when
appropriate.

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

IS IT WORTH IT TO OVERCOME STRESS?

Remember that every person experiences stress.

Learn how to handle it in a positive manner. As a
driver, be in control of your emotions. Do not let them
affect your driving and endanger your life and others.

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

ROAD RAGE

An assault, in any
Ang bagal mo!!!
manner, to another Grrrr @#$^#@^
person resulting from a
misunderstanding, lack
of traffic knowledge or
discourtesy

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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage

BAD HABITS OF AGGRESSIVE DRIVERS

Cutti
n go
Driving slowly in the left lane ff
Gestures

Tailgating

Annoying and Excessive blowing of horns

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Fighting over a parking space
 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage
DON’T BE A VICTIM
AVOID RETALIATION It takes at least two to have a fight.
KEEP DISTANCE Let the angry driver pass you by.

PUT AWAY YOUR PRIDE Forget about winning, driving is not a contest.
Engaging in eye contact with an angry driver could
AVOID EYE CONTACT
mean a provocation.
Condition your mind before you leave your house or
MIND CONDITIONING
office.
Call the traffic authorities. They are the proper authority
GET HELP to deal with an aggressive or dangerous driver.
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 Courtesy, Stress and Road Rage
RESULTS OF ROAD RAGE
Fines and Penalties
Emotional Setback
Suspension/ Revocation of Driver’s License Imprisonment
Suspension/ Termination from work

Serious Injury
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 Road Crashes and Breakdowns –
Causes and Prevention

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 Defensive Driving

• Defensive Driving - A driving practice to reduce the possibility of a

road crash. Efficiently transporting self, people or goods from the
point of origin to destination.

• Qualities of a Defensive Driver

✔ Positive attitude on road safety
✔ Physically and mentally fit to drive
✔ Received proper training before driving
✔ Applying the basic knowledge of vehicle maintenance

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 Defensive Driving

DRIVING METHODS IN TIMES OF ROAD CRASH

Search/Scan – the road seen ahead, around and rear of the

vehicle
Identify – the potential and immediate hazard on the road
Predict – the actions of other road user
Decide – what to do to avoid an unsafe situation
Execute – the action as a result of decision
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 SIPDE ILLUSTRATION

DECIDE

EXECUTE

SCAN
SLOWDOWN
AND PREPARE
TO CHANGE
LANE

IDENTIFY
PREDICT OTHER ROAD USER’S ACTION
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 DOCTRINE OF LAST CLEAR CHANCE

A person who has

the last clear chance
or opportunity of
avoiding a road
crash and neglected
to avoid such road
crash may be jointly
held liable.

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 Roadworthiness

Roadworthiness is the ability of a motor vehicle to be in a suitable operating

condition or meeting acceptable standards for safe driving and transport of
people, baggage or cargo on roads or streets

What makes a motor vehicle unsafe?

a. Poor motor vehicle maintenance
b. Insufficient support from the Company
c. Abusive handling or driving
d. Lack of basic trouble shooting

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 BLOWBAGETS
Concerns Adverse Effects Maintenance and Prevention
Battery Bad Battery and Keep the clamps clean and tight
Corrosion Wash with soap and water
Maintain with contact cleaner
Check the battery sight glass
Do not use gadgets when engine is off
Limit short rides or trips

Lights Low Life or Easily Regular check of bulb holders and wirings
Busted
Excessive use of Avoid too much tint. Always clean the headlight lens
high beam
Oil Overheating and Maintain correct oil level (between maximum and minimum)
leaks Check for leaks
Regular Oil Change
Watch out for leaks

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 BLOWBAGETS
Concerns Adverse Effects Maintenance and Prevention
Water Overheating and Regular check (between minimum and maximum level)
leaks Watch out for leaks
Replace radiator or reservoir cap if required
Regular check of upper and lower hoses and other coolant lines
Brake Hard Pedal Check leaks on vacuum booster connected to intake manifold
Soft Pedal Check for leaks on brake fluid
Noisy brakes Check for brake pad/rotor thickness.
For brake pads - wash with soap and water
Weak Brake Check for odor and color of brake fluid
Accessories / Air Malfunctioning Always check the hand/parking brake
Pressure Accessories Regular check of wiper blade, horn, switches, EWDs, seatbelts,
etc.
Tire Air Pressure
Check the ALL air pressures and add air when the tire is cold
As a practice, minus 4 or 5 PSI from the maximum allowable level
Toe-in / Toe-out
Check for advanced toe-in (outer tread damaged)
Check for advanced toe-out (inner tread damaged)
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 BLOWBAGETS
Concerns Adverse Effects Maintenance and Prevention
Gas / Fuel Leaks and High Do not overload
Consumption Avoid short trip
Accelerate and shift smoothly
Always check the tire pressure
Replace fuel tank cap if required and do not overfill
Engine / Engine stuck Check overall conditions (pullies, belts, oil and lubricants)
Electrical Electrical overload Never do spaghetti wire (give the job to qualified electricians)
Electrical short Never pour water on the dashboard
circuit
Tools Malfunctioning or Regular check and cleaning of basic tools (jack, open wrenches,
unavailability of adjustable wrench, cross wrench, pliers, screw drivers, rope or
correct tools in cable, etc)
times of
breakdown
Self Unfit to Drive Maintain a healthy life and don’t drive if not healthy or unwell.
A regular preventive maintenance is much cheaper than corrective maintenance
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 Human Factors resulting to Road Crashes
Cause Prevention
Fatigue due to various reasons Observe driving hours
Plan stops beforehand
Drunk Driving and Hangovers Don’t drink and drive
Partying and Socializing Limit the time
Gambling Avoid gambling
Internet, social media, watching movies Limit the time
Hyper Emotions (sad, happy, fear, bored) Control emotions and concentrate on steering wheel
Loud music Limit decibels (volume)
Eating while driving Eat before driving
Frequent conversation with passengers Limit conversation to the minimum
Illness (flu, sore eyes, dehydration, etc.) Avoid driving if not physically fit and consult a doctor
Not following RA 10913 Safety First and follow the law

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 What do you need to do when you are sick?

FOLLOW THE LAW ON ANTI-DISTRACTED DRIVING

LEAVE ALL EMOTIONS BEHIND

CONCENTRATE ON THE STEERING WHEEL

WHEN SICK….. GO TO DOCTOR

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 Driving Habits resulting to Road Crash

Causes Prevention
Tailgating Maintain a suitable braking distance when following
a vehicle especially on through highways
Carelessness in changing lanes, turning and Signal your intentions ahead of your actions
overtaking according to your speed
Avoid obstruction and inconvenience to other
motorists
Do not overtake on curve if not safe
Disregarding traffic signs, signals and pavement Follow the rules of traffic
markings
Disregarding weather conditions Observe safety in times of adverse weather
conditions
Insisting on right of way Never insist the right of way to avoid road crash or
road rage

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 Engineering Failures resulting to Road Crash

Causes Prevention
Road works and constructions Avoid overtaking or speeding

Improper work signages or unannounced road Be observant of traffic flow

repairs Be cautious and alert when travelling at night
Improper display and location of traffic signs Consider planning ahead of the trip and check for
obstacles on the road using internet applications
Avoid driving at night if not familiar with the road

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 Vehicle Failures resulting to Breakdowns
Troubles
Engine Overheating and Failure
Electrical/Mechanical Engine Fire
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Causes
Speeding and failure to observe
proper shifting
Oil or water leaking
Spaghetti wiring
Improper use of Fuse
Excessive electrical accessories
Prevention
Shift to higher or lower gear
depending on the capability of the
vehicle
Always check air filter
Do not overuse aircon system
Check tire pressure
Be proactive and not reactive
Do a random check on cooling
system
Check the parking area for signs
water or oil leaks
Let the professionals do their job
Check the exhaust manifold for
leaks
 Vehicle Failures resulting to Breakdowns
Troubles Causes Prevention
Brake Fade Frequent braking while driving Maintain a suitable speed when
downhill driving downhill to avoid frequent
braking
Sticking Brake Result of excessive braking and Check brake components before a
mechanical failures on brake parts long trip.

Brake Loss Brake fluid leaks or brake booster Allow competent mechanics to
leak check brake components regularly.
Broken belts, pullies and bearings Worn out belts Replace with original belts regularly
Misaligned pullies Always check for noisy bearings or
Worn out bearings pullies
Flat tires Worn out tires, Improper toe Maintain correct tire pressure
Replace tires according to vehicle
specifications
Have to the toe checked by
qualified tire technicians

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 What to do on wet or flooded roads?

Be Aware, Calm and Ready

As much as possible do not step on the
brake
Reduce Speed, by releasing the accelerator
pedal
Gently step on the brake pedal after passing wet
roads to dry the brake pads, rotors, linings and
drums.
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 Ask yourself – Am I safe?

ILLNESS – do I have any symptom?

MEDICATION – am I taking any over-the-counter prescription or other drugs?

STRESS – any worries about the job, finances or families?

ALCOHOL – have I been drinking for the last twenty-four hours?
FATIGUE – have I worked more than my physical ability, with incomplete rest?
EATING – am I hungry?
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 HANDLING EMERGENCIES
and BREAKDOWNS

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 Placement of Early Warning Devices
ONE-WAY ROAD TWO-WAY ROAD
4 METERS APART

4 METERS APART

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 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND PROCEDURES

TIRE BLOWOUT
What
shall I
⮚ Don’t slam on brake pedal. do?

⮚ Look to your target or escape area

and safely pull over
⮚Switch ON hazard lights and properly
place Early Warning Device (EWD) https://philkotse.com/safe-driving/driving-on-a-flat-tire-signs-warnings-tricks-for-pinoy-drivers-4366

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 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

LOSS OF BRAKE
⮚ Aim to the target or escape area.
⮚ Release the accelerator.
⮚ Control steering.
⮚ Downshift. Do not switch off the engine.
⮚ If possible, use parking brake, keep the Source: google images

release lever open and use it as a

brake.
⮚ Use soft crash area if necessary.

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 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

ENGINE FIRE
⮚ Steer out of traffic, away from
buildings, people, and other cars.
⮚ Have all occupants leave the car
immediately and move away.
⮚ Do not open the hood.
⮚ Turn off the ignition then get out
quickly.
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 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

SKID & TRACTION LOSS

⮚ Look – Where you want to go.
⮚ Steer – Where you want to go.
⮚ Off pedals – Release the brake or accelerator
to maintain rolling traction.
⮚ Never give up - Maintain constant attention to
steering until the vehicle is back under control.

Note: Never take off your hands on the steering wheel

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 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

POOR VISIBILITY
⮚ Drive with lights on low beam
⮚ Slow down and do not switch ON the hazard lights
⮚ Eyes on the road
⮚ Use Clean Wipes or cloths if windshield is fogged
up.
⮚ Stop at a safe place and turn on hazard lights

Note: Avoid using white headlight

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 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

✔ Stay calm and check for injuries.

✔ Keep safety first and find out your location if anyone is
injured, call PNP hotline (117) or Red Cross hotline (143)
immediately.
✔ Be prepared. Always bring your emergency kit in your car.

⮚ First aid kit

⮚ Flashlight
⮚ Early
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Warning Device
 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

Check for injured or unconscious passengers. If possible, move them out of the
vehicle to a safe place away from oncoming traffic.

If injuries have occurred like cuts, abrasions, etc. Administer first aid
procedures if possible.

Photograph and document the scene.

• Vehicles
• Involved Parties
• Witnesses
• Police Officers

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 FIRST AID
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 Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns

FIRST AID TIPS

1. Attend to anyone who is not yet walking and talking.
2. If any of part of the vehicle is on fire, remove all occupants and make sure
everyone is safe.
3. Do not remove the injured unless they are in burning car or other immediate
danger. Unnecessary movement often makes injuries worse.
4. If knowledgeable, check for breathing and apply mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation if needed.
5. Call for emergency response for serious and physical injuries.
6. Do not attempt to give first aid unless you have been trained in it.

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 Driver’s Duties and
Rights
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 Duties and Responsibilities of a Driver

1. He must diligently secure an appropriate driver’s license and to carry it at all

times while driving a motor vehicle.
2. He must know, follow and abide the land transportation laws, rules and
regulations. Ignorance of the law excuses no one.
3. He must be a defensive driver.
4. He must assure that the vehicle he is driving is duly registered,
roadworthy and emission compliant.

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 Duties and Responsibilities of a Driver

5. He must take appropriate measures to secure and safeguard the vehicle before
leaving it.

6. He must know what to do and act in case of road crash.

7. He must know his rights and privileges. Having a driver’s license is only a
privilege and not a right.
8. He must ensure that he is in a healthy condition. (for holders of professional
DL, no contagious disease ).

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 Duties and Responsibilities of a Driver
FOR PUV DRIVERS – PROPER UNIFORM

• Polo, Polo Shirt, or T-Shirt with Collar

• Shoes – Rubber or Leather Shoes (Slippers/sandals are not allowed)
• Decent Long Pants
• Identification Cards
PUV CLASSIFICATION COLOR OF POLO OR SHIRT WITH COLLAR

PUJ LIGHT BLUE

PUB WHITE

TAXI RED

UV EXPRESS GREEN

TRUCKS MAROON

TOURIST/SCHOOL/SHUTTLE YELLOW

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 Duties and Responsibilities of a Driver

Physical and Mental Requirements of a Driver

✔ Ability to process the sensory functions

✔ Physically fit to operate a vehicle
✔ Ability to focus
✔ No health condition that can cause a
✔ Mentally and emotionally stable
driver to lose control while driving
✔ Ability to make sound judgment
that is required while driving

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 Rights of a Driver
when Apprehended

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 Rights of a Driver when Apprehended

• Right to be informed of the full name and agency of the apprehending officer.
• Right to know if the apprehending officer is an officer for traffic direction and
control or a deputized officer.
• Right to be informed of the nature of violations for which the driver is being
apprehended.
• Right not to step down from the vehicle.
• Right to contest the apprehension at the appropriate office of the concerned traffic
agency when not satisfied with the apprehension.
• Right to file the appropriate criminal, civil or administrative case, in case of abuse
of authority or for any other irregularities which may be committed by the traffic
officer.

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 COPYRIGHTS

NOTICE

ALL PICTURES PRESENTED WERE TAKEN and

DOWNLOADED FROM THE INTERNET WITH NO
INTENTION OF CLAIMING THEM.
ALL PICTURES ARE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES
ONLY. NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.