UNIT 4- POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY FROM THE LATE SIXTEENTH TO

THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

Topics to be covered
• Population Movements of the Argoba, Afar, and Somali
• Gadaa System
• Oromo Population
Objectives
• Explicate the major population movements and their contributions to the
• intermingling of peoples in Ethiopia and the Horn
POPULATION MOVEMENT OF ARGOBA,AFAR AND
SOMALI

 The military conflict between the Christian Kingdom and the Sultanate of Adal in the late fifteenth and the early
sixteenth centuries.
 In addition, pressure on the environment was a major factor for the population movement Their territories lay in the
region where trade routes passed and hence were affected by the consequences of the military conflict.
 These peoples moved back and forth in response to the ongoing military conflict.

The Argoba: the Argoba were major agents of Islamic expansion, trade and Muslim state
formation in the Horn.
 For instance, the sultanate of Shewa and Ifat were established by the Makhzumite and Walasma .
dynasties respectively.
 Towards the end of the thirteenth century, the sultanate of Shewa moved further to the east as the result of the
pressure from the Christian Kingdom.
 The sultanate of Ifat, in which the Argoba were dominant, became the center of Muslim resistance. On the eve of the

wars of Imam Ahmed al Ghazi, the Argoba joined the Afar and the Somali against the Christian Kingdom.
 The enduring effect of the conflict can be observed from the fragmented settlement patterns of the people.
 The Afar: before the sixteenth century, due to drought, the Afar moved towards the east until
they reached the middle Awash.
 Trade routes linking the ports in the Horn passed through the Afar's territory. As a result, the region
was the center of competition between the Christian Kingdom and the Muslim sultanates to control the
trade routes.
 Besides being actors in the conflict, the conflict inevitably pressurized the Afar to move into different
directions to avoid the risk of the conflicts.
 Their pastoral economy helped the Afar to survive the destructive effects of the wars of the sixteenth
century.
The Somali: their territory lay in the region traversed by major trade routes during medieval
period.
 Prior to the sixteenth century wars between the Christian Kingdom and the Muslim
Sultanates, there was environmental pressure on Somali inhabited areas.
 The population movement of the Somali was a strong force behind the military strength of the Imam.
 However, the population movement of the Somali did not last for long as they returned to their home
base following the defeat of Imam Ahmed in 1543.
GADDA SYSTEM
 The Gadaa system is a traditional democratic system of governance used by the Oromo
people of Ethiopia.
 The system regulates politics, economy, social, cultural, and religious activities of the
community.
 Oromo system had practiced the Gadaa system long before the sixteenth century movement.
 The gadaa system divides the stages of life of individuals from childhood to old ages into a
series of formal stages, where power and leadership are transferred every eight years to a
new age set or generation.
 In the system, eight years represented one Gadaa period, 5-gadaa periods or 40 years
represented one generation and nine generations represented an era.
 Each generation progresses through different stages of responsibility and authority within
the society.
 To prevent a one man rule a one man rule the gadaa system includes various elements of democracy
such as periodic succession and power sharing, representation of all lineages, clans and
confederacies.
 In addition, Gadaa constituted rules of arara (conflict resolution), guma (compensation), and rakoo
(marriage).
 The Gadaa system promotes consensus-building, and collective decision-making.
 It emphasizes the importance of community participation and inclusivity in decision-making
processes.
 One of the unique features of the Gadaa system is its emphasis on oral tradition and oral history.
 Knowledge and laws are passed down through generations orally, ensuring cultural continuity and
preservation.
OROMO POPULATION MOVEMENT
 The Oromo population movement of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
 Natural factors include demographic pressure and subsequent need for land to accommodate
the growing human and livestock population.
 Furthermore, the conflict between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates from the
thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries might have pressurized mainly pastoral Oromo groups to
leave the lands they inhabited for other areas.
 In the early decade of the sixteenth century, when the population movement began, the
Oromo were already organized under Borana and Barentu confederacies.
 The Oromo forces took northern direction and passed through a corridor between Mount
Walabu and Lake Abbaya.
 When they reached half way between Lakes Abbaya and Hawassa, they took westward and
penetrated across the Bilatte River to the southwest.
 Then they headed northwards to the lakes region of the Rift Valley.
 From 1522 to 1618, the Oromo fought twelve Butta wars. Accordingly, the first Gadaa Melba (1522-
1530) fought and defeated Christian regiment Batra Amora led by Fasil and occupied Bali while
Mudena (1530-8) reached the edge of Awash River.
 The Kilole (1538- controlled Dawaro after defeating Christian regiment Adal Mabraq while Bifole
(1546- advanced to Waj and Erer.
 In 1574, Sartsa Dingil’s (r.1563-97) cavalry led by Azzaj Halibo defeated Robale gadaa(1570-78) at
Woyna Daga, but Robale recovered by defeating Zara’a Yohannis’ force.
 The Birmaji (1578-86) controlled Ar'ine in Waj, crossed Jama to Wolaqa and overwhelmed the
Daragoti regiment. The Mul’ata (1586-94) seized Damot, Bizamo, Gafat, Dambiya and Tigray.
 In the early seventeenth century, the Dulo (1594-1602), Melba (1603-10), and Mudena(1610-18)
expanded to West and Northern parts of the Horn of Africa while others like the Warday moved to
Kenya and Bur Haqaba and Majertin in Somalia.
 In addition to the wars between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates, the organization of the
Oromo under the Gadaa system played crucial role in the success of the Oromo population movement.
In the course of their movement into various regions, different Oromo branches established Gadaa
center.
 Accordingly, Oda Nabee of Tulama, Oda Roba of Sikko-Mando (Arsi), OdaBultum of Itu-Humabenna,
Oda Bisil of Mecha and Oda Bulluq of Jawwi Mecha became major Gadaa centers.
 Other places, which became Gadaa centers, were Gayo of Sabbo-Gona, Me'e Bokko of Guji, Oda Dogi
of Ilu, Oda Hulle of Jimma, Oda Garado of Waloo.
 Gadaa leaders such as Dawe Gobbo of Borana, Anna Sorra of Guji, Makko-Bili of Mecha, Babbo
Koyye of Jimma and others established Gadaa centers and laid down cardinal laws in their respective
area
 However, various Oromo groups kept their relations through the office of Abba Muda (the father of
anointment) seated at Madda Walaba and formed alliances during times of difficulty.
 Besides, they obeyed similar ada (culture) and sera (law) through sending their delegates to Madda-
Walabu, the central chaffe until the pan-Oromo assembly was forbidden in 1900 due to the political
influence of the Ethiopian state.
 In due course, Gadaa devised effective resource allocation formula including land. Land holding
system to regulate resource and their interaction among different clans is known as the qabiyye system.
 The system established rights of precedence (seniority) in possession of land. Accordingly, place names
were given the names of pioneers as markers of qabiyye rights.
THANK YOU!
GROUP MEMEBERS
1. HENOK NEGA ETS 0788/14
2. HENOK ESHETU ETS0783/14
3. HIYAB DAWIT ETS0816/14
4. IDAE LEMMA ETS0822/14
5. HENOK GEBREAB ETS0786/14
6. KIDUS TEWODROS ETS0943/14
7. KAL ABRAHAM ETS0841/14
8. HAWI GEREMEW ETS0749/14
9. JUNDERHAMAN FEKADU ETS0837/14
10. JUNIED MUSTEFA ETS0838/14